This review presents a comprehensive study on composites with particular interest in various synthesis techniques, advanced characterizations, and wide industrial applications. The survey includes such time categories of composites as polymer matrix (PMCs), metal matrix (MMCs), ceramic matrix carbides (CMCs), and nanocomposites, and describes the mechanical behavior and the advantages of their structural performance. The paper focuses on the development of fundamental manufacturing processes such as hand lay-up, filament winding, and additive manufacturing. It also describes different techniques of characterization of the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of them. Interest in the use of nanocomposites is also increasing due to their high surface area and excellent performance, which could be suitable for high-temperature and light engineering applications. Moreover, this review highlights the industrial relevance of composites, which have been extensively utilized in aerospace, automobile, marine, and civil infrastructure applications. It also solves key recyclability and environmental sustainability challenges. Finally, the paper highlights transient progress in composites as a fundamental material of new generation high-performance technologies and identifies some research gaps, but possible ways for progress towards sustainable innovation.
The Organo modified and unmodified sodium montmorillonite clay effect on thermal and mechanical properties of the waste low density polyethylene (wLDPE) were studied. Commercialize unmodified (MMT) and Organo-modified clay (OMMT) were added to the wLDPE to prepare wLDPE-clay noncomposites by melt intercalation method. OMMT and MMT were added in a range of 1-5 wt %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) used to evaluate polymer structure before and after the fabrication. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyse the thermal stability and thermal properties for the wLDPE and fabricated nanocomposites. Tensile mechanical characteristics of the waste specimens before and after nanocompsite fabrication were evaluated. The FTIR exhibited no change in the chemical structure of the wLDPE used after clay addition. Melting temperature and crystallization percentage were increased up to 1 wt% loaded and decreased in with clay content increasing when compared to the original waste matrix. The thermal steadiness of the wLDPE /clay nanocomposites were found enhanced in the case of loading 3 wt% of OMMT. The elastic modulus has improved in the 3% OMMT loaded.