Bitumen is a standard material for road infrastructure that is black in color, sticky, and thermoplastic in nature. It is well-known for its many applications. Due to rising traffic, global warming, and the constant introduction of new pavement varieties, forecasting road life has become increasingly complex in recent years. At the same time, a significant quantity of vehicle tires and waste engine oil (WEO) from different cars are dumped into the environment as hazardous waste. Additionally, it has been challenging to manage heavy metals and the substantial costs associated with their sustainable treatment. Therefore, this study looks at how Waste Engine Oil (WEO) and Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) affect the characteristics of PEN60-70 asphalt binder. The asphalt binder has been subjected to several tests at different temperatures due to the use of various concentrations of CRM and WEO. To reduce the usage of virgin bitumen (VB) and make bitumen a sustainable material, this study investigates modified bitumen using a waste crumb rubber modifier (CRM) combined with WEO. These WEO concentrations (5% and 10%) and CRM concentrations (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%) were used in the characterization of modified bitumen, and then the characteristics of virgin and modified bitumen were compared. According to the study, adding WEO to CRM-modified binders reduces softening points by increasing penetration, as well as viscosity and workability, while CRM enhances rutting resistance. Nevertheless, the incorporation of WEO has a detrimental effect on the binder's ability to resist rutting. The study's findings also indicate that the use of WEO and CRM can enhance the resilience of asphalt mixtures to low-temperature cracking. According to the study's findings, adding WEO to co-modify CRM binders significantly reduced their softening point and viscosity values, making them easier to work with. Ultimately, the modified asphalt was found to exhibit positive rheological and physical modifications in the bitumen.
Approximately one-quarter of all automobile collisions in the United States are thought to be caused by a distracted or inattentive driver. As more wireless communication, entertainment, and driver assistance technologies become available in vehicles, the number of distracted driving accidents is projected to rise. Driver distraction is a major concern in North America, Europe, and Japan when it comes to road safety. The importance of driver distraction as a road safety concern, on the other hand, has just lately been recognized. This study presents an overview of current studies on in-vehicle driver distraction, with an emphasis on mobile phone usage, as this technol-ogy has garnered the most attention in the literature on driver distraction. The impact of in-vehicle gadgets on driving performance is discussed in this review. The adaptive techniques driv-ers use to maintain acceptable driving performance when distracted are discussed, as well as the situations under which these adaptive tactics can fail and how driving performance is harmed when they do. Legislation prohibiting drivers from using their cellphones while driving has had minimal effect, presumably due to a lack of regulation and enforcement. As potential preventive measures to decrease accidents caused by distracted drivers, behavior modification programs, enhanced vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been created.