Viscoelasticity, as its name implies, is a generalization of elasticity and viscosity. Many industrial applications use viscoelastic matrix with reinforcement fiber to obtained better properties. Tensile testing of matrix and one types of fabric polyamide composites was performed at various loading rates ranging from (8.16* 10-5 to 11.66 * 10-5 m/sec) using a servohydraulic testing apparatus. The kind of reinforcement, random glass fiber (RGF), and the kind of matrix, epoxy (E) are used shown that the linear strain (،ـ 0.5) for the three parameter model gives a good agreement with experimental results. The results showed that both tensile strength and failure strain of these matrices and composites tend to decrease with increase of strain rate. The experimental results were comparison with numerical results by using ANSYS 5.4 program for simple study case has shown some agreement. Fracture regions of the tested specimens were also observed to study micro mechanisms of tensile failure.
The status of the infrastructure of the transport system and then mobility in the governorate of Anbar is deplorable. Therefore, it requires two types of solutions in two phases. This study concerned with the first phase, which is represented by solving the problem of the inadequacy infrastructure in terms of availability between the cities, and work to develop it toward being maximally connected. So, generally speaking this study aimed to facilitate mobility through this network, by improving the accessibility in term of connectivity. The analysis process in this study, have twin objectives: first, to determine how much new linkages we need for our network to be maximally connected as a first stage? Second, Building a legislative framework lends the weight for decision makers in transport agency to take tough decision built up on ranking the new proposed linkages according to their relative values in providing access to the network, and the increment in comparable nodal accessibility due to the new additions. So, there is need for more sensible decisions based on more accurate analysis for deciding the optimum priorities for the new linkages to take place in the stage of development implementation via legislative framework. Therefore, the analysis will deal with topological characteristics for a number of aspects by expressing the simple graph of the network in a matrix format. These aspects are simulated and measured through the matrices powering process and the principles of graph theory. However, in addition to reducing the time the vehicles stays on the road, the study results will assist to divert a large proportion of the traffic volumes concurrently with the implementation process, and this in turn will pave the way to precede the solution of the second phase inside the cities. Not to mention, the legislative framework will bases for the financial framework of the transport agency. Keywords: infrastructure inadequacy& development, accessibility and connectivity, graph theory, matrix representation &powering, new linkage, nodal accessibility , relative value ,optimum priorities (ranking) and Decision making(legislation).
The demand for strengthening structures becomes necessary when an increase in load is inevitable. For instance very little information is available on the time-dependent behaviour of strengthened concrete columns. Also, this is a primary factor hindering the widespread uses of FRP strengthening technologies in the construction implementations. This paper investigates the behaviour of strengthened concrete columns with FRP sheets subjected to long-term loading by non linear finite element analysis using ANSYS computer package. A three-dimensional finite element model has been used in this investigation. This study achieved a good agreement between numerical and experimental results, it was found that the percentage of error of specimens do not pass (5%) for creep strain. In addition, a parametric study was performed to study the effect of different factors on the behaviour of FRP strengthened concrete columns.