Satellites may provide data with various spectral and spatial resolutions. The spatial resolution of panchromatic (PAN) images is higher, but the spectral resolution of multispectral (MS) images is greater. There is Satellite sensors limitation for capturing an image with high spatial and spectral resolution, due to the hardware design of the sensors. Whereas many remote sensing, as well as GIS applications, need high spatial and spectral resolution. Image fusion merges images of different spectral and spatial resolutions based on a certain algorithm. It can be used to overcome the sensor's limitation and play an important role in the extraction of information. The standard image fusion approaches lose spatial information or distort spectral characteristics. Optimizations of fusion rules can overcome and degrade the distortions as the fusion core is the image fusion rules. In this paper, the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is used to find the optimal injection gain, as most distortions in image fusion are caused by the extraction and injection of spatial detail. Both qualitative and quantitative metrics were utilized to evaluate the quality of the merged image. The mentioned metrics that were used commonly for evaluation of image fusion results support the proposed algorithm for image fusion as the output image was qualitatively and quantitatively growth. In the future the proposed method can be updated by increasing the objective function dimensions to two or three for getting a best fused image.
Road network infrastructure is the key indicator of sustainable spatial development, as it affects the economy, environment, and society activities. These can be optimized through minimizing the time the vehicles take on the road, which in turn requires high connectivity and then high accessibility between the nodes of the road network. However, it is necessary to put a development strategy that helps the decision makers to produce relative high accessibility over the development time. In this paper, the vulnerabilities regarding the connectivity and spatial accessibility were pinpointed and analyzed, optimum priorities in sequent new linkages adding are made for developing a sustainable infrastructure with faster enhancement for the spatial accessibility. The results have become a tough guidance for decision makers, and can be adopted as a first step for legislating a strategy for sustainable transportation system
The problem of the spread of landmines and their remnants of war in Iraq in general and in the province of AL-Basrah is one of the existing issues that did not find successful solutions and steps to eliminate them and minimize the adverse effects and damage caused by them on the human and material property. This research aims to identify the areas of contamination by landmines and war debris to reach a clear vision that facilitates the development of solutions by the competent authorities through the preparation of a geographic database and a spatial database. All data and maps are collected, digitize them, conduct a range of statistical and spatial analyzes possible, and produce thematic maps
Initial delineation of prospecting zones of groundwater was conducted in the present studyusing remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. It has been preparingan integrated geographic database of spatial and non-spatial data for the study area. The spatialdata were generated by using image processing software (Erdas 8.3) and GIS software (Arc view3.3) enhanced by real frequent field visits of the study area. These data include: surface featureswhich give a direct and indirect indicators of the existence of groundwater and affect to thegroundwater movement such as hydrogeomorphological, drainage density, slope, landuse andsoil maps. The non spatial data were derived primarily from real views during field visits to thestudy area and from the existing writing or previous studies. All the data generated were saved inthe GIS databank for the purpose of digitization, computational and generate the best possibleoutput results to determine the extent of possible areas where the water that exists for the purposeof prospecting. Results showed that more areas could be have very good categories of prospectzones are the southern parts of the study area, which covers about 375 Km2 while the northernareas, which covers about 164 Km2 of the study area are grouped as runoff zone. Accordingly thepossibilities of the presence of groundwater are poor to negligible in this zone. The current studydemonstrated that a remote sensing and GIS technique are very effective tools that can give theinitial predictions on the presence or probability of the presence of ground water in areas whichhave the same considered geological deposits for the study area.
Linearised dynamic analysis of beams subjected to lateral forces and composed of materials which have different moduli in tension and compression is presented. The position of the neutral surface was rendered independent of the spatial and temporal coordinates by introducing a special assumption which reduced the coupled nonlinear problem of the flexure of such a beam into a linear one. The actual position then became a function of section geometry and the two elastic moduli and was determined by the equivalent section method. The elemental dynamic stiffness matrix was derived using the exact displacement shape functions governed by the governing partial differential equation and the structural stiffness matrix was assembled according to the usual assembling methodology of structural analysis. Symbolic and numerical examples were solved to show the applicability and efficacy of the proposed method.
This study assessed the temporal and spatial water quality variability to reveal the characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. A total of 14 water quality parameters (water temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Alkanets (Alk), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity (Tur), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4), total suspended solids (TSS), sodium (Na), and potassium (k)) were analyzed Use of multivariate statistical methods in a total of three stations for the period 2016-2017. In this study was use a statistical approach to determine the water quality using the Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), Principal component analysis (PCA), and Factor Analysis (FA) were used to analyze the data. Main water pollutant sources were wastewater from agricultural drainage and industrial wastewater. Significant relationships recorded between the investigated parameters based on the results of PCI, at the 0.01 and 0.05 significance levels. Per the FA results, 77.1 % of the total variance explained by two factors.
A numerical study regarding stress, strain, and deflection of a composite plate is presented. The plate, consisting of three layers of Carbon-, Boron-, and Graphite-Epoxy, was fixed at one end and loaded at the other end in a conventional cantilever configuration. Six arrangements were examined and the spatial distribution of stress, strain, and deflection of the upper surface were calculated. Generally, it was found that the order, by which the three layers are arranged, has a great effect on the response of the plate and the maximum stiffness (in terms of deflection) is achieved when using Epoxy with Graphite-Carbon-Boron as the top-central-bottom layers of the plate.
The antenna is a Modified Broadband Butterfly Antenna (MBBA). The technical parameters of such systems are heavily influenced by the qualities of the antenna feed devices. The aperture theory of antennas uses the representation of the radiation field of the antenna as a superposition of the fields of elementary sources, characterized by their type and amplitude-phase spatial distribution. The radiation field of an antenna of finite dimensions is a superposition of inhomogeneous spherical waves emitted by the antenna elements. This paper is primarily the study process, Radiation models were calculated using the model of the cavity plates, Simple Green model, and the strict commercial Electromagnetic Simulator. The modified active rectangular patches with the Gann diode were combined into arrays of E and H plane. Calculated and measured results for these two active arrays the beam scanning, the possibilities have been demonstrated for both arrays. The results of an electrodynamics numerical simulation were obtained. Broadband and multiband radio systems have already found widespread practical applications by utilizing basic antenna parameters and characteristics.
The detection of faults in electronic circuits is crucial to ensure the proper performance and reliability of electronic applications that utilize these devices. This work discovers, for the first time, that a direct tester board for fault diagnosis can be used not only for the intended measurement of current and voltage but also for studying the potential development of these magnitudes in inaccessible locations, as it detects register transfer level signals through oscilloscopes with low acquisition speeds. The experimental analysis carried out combines the use of commercial software with spatial distribution tracking and the exploitation of the sizes of network links in their computer graphical representation. The proper detection of malfunctions in electronic systems is crucial for enhancing their performance and reliability. We intend to explore the troubleshooting of analog electronic systems, for which we use wide-band direct tester boards. To evaluate its performance in routine practice, we perform experimentation using two different analog circuits designed. They consist of conventional operational amplifiers and element modeling based on equivalent resistance-capacitance networks. Given the procedure followed, commercial programs were used. Special mention should be made of the conclusion matrix, which is interesting when selecting suitable diagnostic parameters. The effectiveness of direct measurement based on integrated probes in the two projects, which allowed for fault insertion, was also confirmed. The results and discussions were enriched by the summarized experimental test report. The work concludes with a reflection on the relationship between this work and the existing state of the art, as well as the new challenges posed by international researchers.