The field of image processing has several applications in our daily life. The image quality can be affected by a wide variety of deformations during image acquisition, transmission, compression, etc. Image compression is one of the applications where the quality of the image plays an important role since it can be used to evaluate the performance of various image compression techniques. Many image quality assessment metrics have been proposed. This paper proposes a new metric to assess the quality of compressed images. The principle idea of this metric is to estimate the amount of lost information during image compression process using three components: error magnitude, error location and error distribution. We denote this metric as MLD, which combines the objective assessment (error magnitude) and the subjective assessment (error location and error distribution). First, the metric is used to estimate the quality of compressed images using the JPEG algorithm as this is a standard lossy image compression technique. Then, the metric is used to estimate the quality of compressed images using other compression techniques. The results illustrate that the proposed quality metric is correlated with the subjective assessment better than other well-known objective quality metrics such as SSIM, MSE and PSNR. Moreover, using the proposed metric the JPEG2000 algorithm produces better quality results as compared to the JPEG algorithm especially for higher compression ratios
This study assessed the temporal and spatial water quality variability to reveal the characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. A total of 14 water quality parameters (water temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Alkanets (Alk), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity (Tur), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4), total suspended solids (TSS), sodium (Na), and potassium (k)) were analyzed Use of multivariate statistical methods in a total of three stations for the period 2016-2017. In this study was use a statistical approach to determine the water quality using the Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), Principal component analysis (PCA), and Factor Analysis (FA) were used to analyze the data. Main water pollutant sources were wastewater from agricultural drainage and industrial wastewater. Significant relationships recorded between the investigated parameters based on the results of PCI, at the 0.01 and 0.05 significance levels. Per the FA results, 77.1 % of the total variance explained by two factors.
The published studies about the water quality of Euphrates River in Iraq till now have been reviewed critically. The revision of the published researches depend upon several bases including the period of samples collection, the number of sampling stations, water samples collection method, the analytical techniques employed to measure and analyze the results. This critical study concluded that the need to follow a specific protocol in selection sampling sites, how the samples are collected, how samples are analyzed, and pay attention to quality assurance and quality control during sample collection, preservation and analytical procedures.
Turning is the most popular machining operation. The quality of the product may be determined using a variety of metrics, such as the surface generation method and the surface roughness of the product. This work uses cutting variables to obtain the best surface quality through a mathematical model. The suggested surface generation in this work results from deriving it using the Bezier technique, with degree (5th) having six chosen control points. One of the critical indicators of the quality of machined components is the surface roughness created during the machining process. Surface roughness improvement via machining process parameter optimization has been extensively researched. The Taguchi Method and actual tests were employed for evaluating the surface quality of complicated forms; regression models with three different variables for the cutting process, such as cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, were also used. According to the experimental findings, the most significant effect of feed rate on the surface roughness is approximately (40.9%), and the more minor effect of depth of cut on the surface roughness is almost (16.23%). In addition, the average percentage error is 4.93%, the maximum error is 0.14 mm, and the minimum error is -0.143 mm for the prediction using the regression equation.
Using statistical tools of quality help in identifying the daily production problems.Collecting data will enable the management to diagnose problems affecting the work and correcting the defects in the products and reduce its percentage; such defects cost the organization too much and influence its profits. Histograms were used in presenting the collected data from Amanat Baghdad. The data related to asphaltic concrete produced by its plants . Control charts were used to evaluate these tests. The research indicates differences in the results of mechanical analysis tests also in the asphalt percentage in the asphaltic concrete samples and air voids ratio as in Marshall samples. The results indicated that management of plants has no benefits gained from results tests carried out by the quality control department which indicate and diagnose the variances of the product and recommend the required corrections.
ORE addresses various kinds of losses associated with manufacturing system which can be targeted for initiating improvements. Evaluating ORE will is helpful to the decision maker(s) for further analysis and continually improves the performance of the resources. Overall Resource Effectiveness (ORE) encompasses seven factors are; performance, quality rate, readiness, changeover efficiency, availability of material and availability of manpower. In this research Job shop production of General Company for hydraulic industries, with focus on Damper and Tasks Factory (DTF)is tested as a case study for two of the most customer demand rear dampers (Samaned and Nissan). Data are collected and analyzed for years 2016-2017 to evaluate of ORE values. Results show that process performance factor among other seven factors have the less value causing the highest loss in ORE decrease. Where the highest ORE value is (58.6%) for Nissan and (69.3) for Samaned rare production. Also, time loss due to set up time is detected where it ranges from 3% to about 13% per month for the above mentioned two tested dampers. Results are generated employing Minitab Version 17, Quality Companion Version 3 soft wares. It is recommended to introduce SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Dies) concept that could decrease losses in set up time .Also improvements in maintenance programs are vital, and above all improving process performance values is essential by employing lean manufacturing that result in fast outcomes ,and TQM process improvement strategy for long term outcomes these two process performance strategies may enhance ORE values therefore, decrease losses, and consequently increase quality and productivity.
The extensive global competition between companies and the development of new industrial technologies have greatly contributed to the current competitive conditions Like industrial companies, customers demand high quality products, low prices and better performance. This fierce competition has led to concerns about improved product design. This development is based on GQFD. Model of this developed Water pump is employed by CAD solid model (version 7). In order to achieve competition and high quality and high performance in the Iraqi market. GQFD demonstrates the balance between product development and environmental protection. Used a water pump for a home air cooler as a case study. Data is collected and distributed using personal interview methods and questionnaire forms to indicate customer requirements. The data is then analyzed using Pareto chart and AHP to prioritize customer needs. These priorities are then placed in house of quality and matrix of relationships between customer requirements and technical characteristics is established. The product has been developed from electrical to mechanical, in addition to using accumulated, stored and recycled materials; it also saves 20% of energy, thereby combining energy reduction with the use of damaged materials and their re-entry into work. As a result, the cost of pump manufacturing will decrease
This research focuses on studying the impact of different sources of wastewater, such as do-mestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. upon groundwater. The swamp of contaminated water collec-tion within the Al-Anbar University area was taken as a case study for this research. This swamp has a pond that works as a collection basin for different sources of wastewater mainly domestic waste coming from leakage of contaminated water from the septic-tank of the residential com-plex of students. This contaminated water will leak over time within the folds of soil due to per-meability and the effect of land attraction and reach the levels of groundwater.The presence of polluted water near groundwater is an environmental hazard and harmful because this leakage water has different diseases and germs, which could pose a danger to human health. Different samples of these sources were taken from different places at different times and some physical, chemical, and biological tests were then conducted. Wastewaters characterization was also investigated in this study to make an assessment for water quality and find out a proper treatment method. Data obtained from this study show different levels of pollutants, which could highly affect groundwater quality. A proper and advanced treatment method was also proposed in this study, depending on the wastewater characterization results. The purpose of this research is wastewater treatment using the physical method with coagulation and Flocculation processes with local coagulants to reduce pollutants impact on groundwater.The results showed the addi-tion of alum at 35 mg/l increased the removal efficiency by 80.7% at the settling time of 60 min, and the addition of 35 mg/l of the lime increased the removal efficiency by 63.9% at the same settling time.It has been proven that the use of alum is more effective than lime for sedimenta-tion suspended matter. The optimum dosage and settling time are 20 mg/l and 60 min respec-tively.
This study aims to investigate the impact of various construction methods on labor productivity in Iraq, focusing on traditional, prefabricated steel structures, precast concrete, and mechanical or self-build construction techniques. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing a structured survey distributed to 200 participants from different construction industry sectors, including engineers, contractors, and field workers. The survey examines key indicators of labor productivity, such as task completion speed, work quality, labor costs, safety, and project cost.The findings reveal significant differences in labor productivity across the construction methods. Traditional construction methods moderately impacted task completion speed and work quality but were less efficient in terms of cost reduction and safety. On the other hand, prefabricated and precast concrete methods demonstrated improvements in work quality, safety, and cost efficiency, although with some limitations regarding flexibility. Steel structures offered enhanced durability and faster construction times, while mechanical and self-build methods utilizing automation significantly reduced labor costs and accelerated the construction process.Based on these results, the study recommends incorporating modern construction methods, such as prefabricated and mechanical techniques, to improve overall productivity in the Iraqi construction sector. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of training and adapting to these advanced methods to ensure long-term efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness in construction projects.
The scientific paper examined the possibility of developing an advanced healthcare management system in Iraq through the use of Cisco Packet Tracer software. The article stated that the aforementioned software has the potential to speed up network management operations and reduce expenses incurred in maintenance and repair activities. In addition, the article explained several challenges that may arise during the implementation of the smart hospital management system, including providing the required technical expertise, infrastructure provisions, and procedural measures necessary to protect the confidentiality of patient and employee information. The study confirmed that implementing an intelligent hospital management system in Iraq has the potential to improve healthcare quality, mitigate medical errors, enhance employee communication, and reduce disturbances within the hospital setting. Furthermore, this intervention is expected to enhance the efficiency of resource and inventory management and increase patients' experience and satisfaction with healthcare services. The article concludes that achieving the desired results in implementing a smart hospital management system using Cisco Packet Tracer software depends on the collaborative contributions of employees, managers, and technical professionals. This initiative is expected to enhance the hospital's ability to provide medical services of exceptional quality and effectively meet the diverse needs of patients.
Recently our country is witnessed an implementation of many construction with high stories . thus , the accuracy of implementation and monitoring of survey works should be consider . in this paper quality control in survey works in AL-RAHMAN Mosque were studied as a case study . The magnitude and correlation of errors are importance to the design stage, measuring and adjustment development .in the design stage the study of errors is very important to provide us the basic chose of fingers , selection of instrument types, and proper procedures to get the specified accuracy , in the measuring sate the stud of errors is an important because it give us acceptation or rejection limitation in the site. In the adjustment operation the study of errors give us an increment in can riddance level the result of present paper indicated that there are conclusion and recommendation should be considered to accept or reject in future works.
Prefabricated schools are educational structures of great significance and utility, especially given our country's current challenges. They expedite construction, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance educational activities with strong structural integrity and comfortable, flexible, and healthy design. A compelling comparison can be made with traditional concrete schools. With advancements in technology and information in engineering and the construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has emerged, playing a vital role in prefabricated concrete engineering through 3D modeling simulations.Numerous challenges are encountered, such as meeting client requirements, project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, stakeholder conflicts, labor shortages, safety concerns, increased change orders, material wastage, and project complexity. Developed countries utilize BIM to mitigate these challenges and profoundly improve the AEC industry's performance. BIM tools provide a comprehensive building visualization, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions that ensure efficiency, sustainability, and cost savings. These features motivate engineers and contractors to rely on them as essential engineering applications.This research involves modeling a school building in the Revit program, studying work flow between Revit and ETABS program, and conducting a dynamic analysis of the model from Revit. It also emphasizes the benefits of prefabricated construction and BIM technology, facilitated by Revit. The study emphasizes how important it is to visualize the building's actual form before beginning the design and decision-making processes.in summery, this study provides the possibility of growth and application in the industrialization of the construction industry and raise the project's overall quality. The development of tools and plugins programmed to reduce interoperability problems between various software packages allows for integrating all design activities.
This new methodology utilizes Quality Function Deployment (QFD) with Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) together for improving product planning stage, hence, the product development, because this stage precedes the manufacturing stage and is regarded as an important stage in the product development. The proposed methodology consists of two models; namely: (1) Curent QFD Model. (2) Current AHP Model. It was applied practically to demonstrate the models' applicability and suitability, and develop liquid Gas Cylinder Valve produced at Al-Ikhaa General Company (IGC) for Mechanical Industries. "Thus it was possible to find out the critical and important specifications for improving product planning which should be considered in product development". These specifications have high ranking and Scaled Value Technical Ratings (SVTR) of over (50%). SVTR have values as follows: (1) (1.0000) for Pad (H1), then (2) (0.9270) for piston (H4), (3) (0.9195) for gasket (H12), (4) (0.8236) for safety valve (H6), (5) (0.8156) for sealing 1 (H5), (6) (0.6935) for sealing 2 (H9), (7) (0.5441) for installing the regulator with valve (H10) and (8) (0.5220) for spring2 (H7). When applying AHP method, various results were obtained. Based on the final score of Al-Ikhaa Company, where the highest defects value was (45%) was reported in the production processes. Also, values of maintenance dismantling 23%, Product assemblage 12% and maintenance assemblage 9% of the Product values.
The convergence of cloud and edge computing in smart manufacturing offers significant potential for improving efficiency in Industry 4.0. However, task scheduling in this context remains a complex, multi-objective challenge. This study introduces a novel Cloud-Edge Smart Manufacturing Architecture (CESMA), leveraging a hybrid approach that integrates NSGA-II and the Improved Monarch Butterfly Optimization (IMBO) algorithms. The combination utilizes NSGA-II's global search and non-dominated solution capabilities with IMBO's fine-tuning and local optimization strengths to enhance task scheduling performance. Where CESMA combines the scalability and analytics power of cloud computing with edge-based real-time decision-making to address the dynamic demands of smart manufacturing. Through extensive simulations and experiments, the feasibility and effectiveness of CESMA are validated, showing improved task scheduling quality, resource utilization, and adaptability to changing conditions. This research establishes a robust platform for managing the complexities of task scheduling in cloud-edge environments, advancing intelligent manufacturing processes, and contributing to the integration of evolutionary algorithms for real-time industrial decision-making
In this article, an experimental study of the single-pass hybrid (PV/T) collector is conducted in the climatic conditions of Fallujah city, where the experimental results are compared with a previous research to validate the results. The effect of changing the angle of inclination of the hybrid collector (PV/T) and its effect on the electrical power in the range (20°-50°) is studied. The optimum angle of the collector is found to be 30°, which gives a maximum electrical power of 58.8 W at average solar radiation of 734.35 W/m2. In another experimental study with different air flow rates ranged from 0.04 kg/s to 0163 kg/s, where it is found that the maximum electrical power of 57.66 W at an air flow rate of 0.135 kg/s, while the maximum thermal efficiency reaches 33.53% at an air flow of 0.163 kg/s at average solar radiation of 786 W/m2.
The cash flow forecasting is beneficial for the project in both the tender stage and during the project construction progress, where the contractors want to make sure that their planned cash funds is sufficient to cover any possible financial deficit of the project. This research aims to find out minimum fund needed for highway projects in Iraq required by the contractor to maintain the progress of work under some circumstances and effects of the shortage of fund, particularly in case of payment delay, in addition to the implication of the payment delay. Data from record files of 9 highway projects in Iraq, of the unit price type contracts. It was found that the minimum fund required is 20.944 percent of the contract value of three months delay . The minimum fund required for those projects is directly proportional to the time of payment delay. The minimum fund required for projects is represented in a linear equation as a function of payment delay time, such equation would help the contractor to estimate the future amount of minimum fund required for any delay in months. Interim profit is calculated for the purpose of comparison with the expected profit for the purpose of exploring the consequences in case exceedance. Because of the use of unit price contracts in the implementation of highway projects in Iraq, it did not cause the appearance that the contractor receives large profit at early stages of the project. The delay in payment leads to negative results, including the delay in the project, reduces the level of performance of the contractor which is negatively affects project, reduce the quality of implementation and, increased cost of the project in case of the contractor to claim compensation for the damage, as well as the occurrence of a difference in currency and inflation due to the time difference between the payment date and the actual date.
Our project was divided into two distinct sections, circuit transmitting and receiving ultrasoundWave Based on Laser Light. A Wien Bridge and a Triangle Wave Oscillators used to obtain a sineand a triangular wave, respectively. A comparator circuit which produces Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) that has the same frequency for triangle wave. The PWM was used to drive laserdiode that produced laser light through by MOSFET transistor and received this light by receivingcircuit which consists of a photodiode with resistor as a voltage divider, amplifier circuit to amplifythe signal and filter to get any desired frequency. The main objective of this project primarilywas to realize a transmission-reception system to transfer ultrasound Frequency via Laser withouta guiding medium, using modulation with little quality loss.
Advanced prosthetics are a crucial aspect of rehabilitation technology and are receiving increased attention globally. Approximately 2 million people require prosthetic limbs, presenting opportunities for enhancing their quality of life. State-of-the-art technologies such as realistic arms and myoelectric prostheses are gaining popularity. Progress in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and materials has driven the field forward. Various types of controllers, including direct, pattern recognition, and proportional-derivative, have been developed. Integration of material science, computer science, artificial intelligence, and neurology has facilitated controller advancements. Techniques like targeted muscle reinnervation and Osseo integrated prostheses offer improved surgical options. Gesture recognition technologies and intelligent sensors are enhancing hand control. Future advancements will involve machine learning, artificial intelligence, and sensing techniques, while ethical concerns must be addressed. Advanced myoelectric prostheses, also known as myocontrolled or lower-limb micromod investigative prostheses, have a patient acceptance rate of 75% to 80%. However, while these methods offer advantages, there are also drawbacks. Integrating different types of controllers for these smart prostheses and enhancing the overall device's strength and robustness will have a significant impact. This discussion focuses on various types of smart prosthetic controllers, dividing muscle activity into extracellular myoelectric potential and EEG signals
Density separation has many applications in metallurgy, medicine, clinical chemistry, microbiology, and agriculture. This study investigates the factors' effects on density separation in order to benefit from this technique. The separation quality depends on the velocity of particles because as the velocity of particles increases, the mean separation needs less time so it gives better separation, so the parameter effect on the value of the velocity is studied. These parameters were volume fractions, the diameter of the sphere, the density of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid. Each parameter was studied by calculating the velocity of particles using Stokes' law. The velocity of particles is directly proportional to some properties of particles. These properties are the diameter and density of a particle because as these properties increase, the mass of particles increases, which leads to increased kinetic energy, which increases turbulence. Turblance's velocity is increasing. The volume fraction of spheres is another property of particles' effects on density separation. This parameter is inversely proportional to velocity because a collision between particles increases, which decreases turbulence. Fluid properties also have an impact on density separation. This property is viscosity. Its effect deteriorates the efficiency of separation because viscosity is the resistance of the fluid to flow that serves to displace the particle, which leads to a reduction in the velocity of the particle. The maximum separation happens when the sink and float particles separate at the same time. That happens when the sink and float particles have the same velocity in the opposite direction. That means when the sum of velocities equals zero. In this research, the maximum separation was derived when the sum of velocities equaled zero.
The research evaluated the wastewater effluents , Two pump stations discharged directly without any treatment in AL-WARAR Canal in Ramadi City ,located in the southern bank of the Canal . These effluents collects the storm water from the residential area , the drainage open channel which bypassing by septic tanks of domestic wastewater , bypassing from septic tanks of domestic wastewater. Laboratory Tests out on (December 2010 to May 2011) for the Canal (upstream) , wastewater effluents, and Canal ( downstream) to determine the quality characteristics and the wastewater effects upon the AL-WARAR Canal . The results show an increase in almost concentrations of characteristics compared to the Iraqi Standards NO. (25 –B1) in (1967) of the conservation of water resources , where the Bio-chemical oxygen demand , chemical oxygen demand and Total Bacterial Count were increased by (11, 9.7 and 535) times respectively. According to the organic load , the wastewater effluents classified as low strength . This study shows that the value of the reaction constant rate (k1) and Reaeration constant rate (k2)were about (0.187/day) and (0.556 /day ) respectively . Two stations downstream were located to determine the wastewater effects upon the Canal , Dissolved Oxygen was measured and calculated by using (STREETER –PHELPS) equations , then Sag curve of AL-WARAR Canal was determined .In spite of that the wastewater effluent does not comply with the Iraqi Standards discharged into water resources NO. (25 –B1) in (1967) , AL-WARAR Canal still comply with the Iraqi standards (NO. 25-A1) in (1967) of the conservation of water resources by the effect of self-purifications.
The quality of the built environment could highly impact our state of wellbeing, by affecting our stress and exposure within the building environment. Scientific studies linked stress to depression, diabetes, obesity, and cardiac disease. Hospitals considered as stressful places due to their inconvenient experiences. The theory of Salutogenic design aims to reduce stress through the implementation of an interdisciplinary design study to enhance the sense of coherence ( SOC) for any individual to be able to adapt himself to the overall life challenges. Salutogenic defines several factors which can affect an individual’s state of well-being in any space. This research limited on two of these design factors (daylight, colour) within three selected hospital through a critical methodology using a sample questionnaire of 15 questions headed to 90 from all three hospitals. the second part of the methodology using a Light-meter device for calculating the amount of Lux in actual hospital conditions, the third part of research methodology is a simulation program (Ecotect) to have an adequate daylight calculation in the wards of all three hospitals as well as the lighting distribution with (daylight factor) to evaluate the efficiency of wards in Erbil city. The last part of the study is by a field investigation by the researcher for the implementation of Salutogenic Colours. through a critical methodology approach.The research results shows that wards of three hospitals has a poor natural daylight to penetrate the building, and hospitals depends mainly on artificial light which causes uncomfortability and inconsitnecy in treatment process. Patients prefrences are twords new colours such as turquoise, palepink, and blue rather than the tradtional colours used in Erbil governmental hospitals. using light meter as assessment tool to compare between the Ecotec Lux measurement and the actual condition of lighting in hospital. The evaluation of three Wards within hospitals shows clearly the un sufficiency of natural lighting which leads to needing of artificial daylight. And might delay the process of recovery. Ecotect calculates the most suitable design condition in any city and finds other suitable orientations for buildings.
Lean is a powerful process improvement strategy that is widely used to improve different processes. In this Paper, lean manufacturing as process improvement strategy is employed throughout relative tools and techniques as VSM, 5S, and standard work. These tools and techniques are employed to identify measure and evaluate processes. Job shop production of General Company for hydraulic industries, with focus on Damper and Tasks Factory (DTF) is tested as a case study for the two most customer demanded rear dampers of Samaned and Nissan. Data analysis shows different issues Work-In-Process (WIP) issues causing under/ over and production discrepancy. Improvements are introduced throughout WIP developments and 5S techniques. Results show that these developments may result in reduction of 65% WIP waiting time for Nissan and 58% of Samaned rear dampers. An increase in Overall Work Efficiency (OWE) could result in by 10% for Nissan, and 2% for Samaned dampers While 5S may result in improvements by 50% production processes and 43% assembly processes for Set in order , and by 33% in both production and assembly processes for standardize. Data where analyzed and further results are generated using software's are; Minitab Version 17, Quality Companion Version 3, and Edraw-Max Version 7.
Housing is one of the main concerns raising critical problems in the Kurdistan Region. Due to the fast growth of the urban population through the last period, the Kurdistan-Investment Board was ongoing in construction of effective amount of housing estates by investment companies. Due to the rapid increase in population, many housing estate projects neglected specific family requirements, with low commitment to housing standards, quality of dwellings, and the resident's lifestyles. This study investigates living space and services parts of dwellings in those estates, finding out the factors that direct residential satisfaction supported by fixing correlations among determinants of overall satisfaction. The adopted methodology consists of evaluation based on two steps, the first was by a technical assessment using checklist comparing spaces with Iraqi standards, while the second part was through survey of resident's satisfaction. Field data collection had consisted of a questionnaire list and data collection performed for five housing projects (10 types of dwelling units covered by eighty-three samples) selected in Erbil city. Then the questionnaire results were analyzed using the SPSS program using correlations, regression, and descriptive statistics. Low commitment to Iraqi Standards was obvious in most cases. Results also showed that dwellers were satisfied with their dwelling units in cases despite differences with Iraqi urban housing standards. For instance, in two bedrooms dwellings, areas of services were below the standard by 21% while the resident's satisfaction in this group varied between neutral and satisfied. It had been found a clear correlation between indicators of dwellings units’ spaces. The regression has shown that the indicators of the kitchen location's size and shape highly affected the householder's satisfaction. The descriptive statistics have shown the satisfaction level mostly been neutral in all projects. Finally, the study suggests some recommendations regarding dwelling units in addition to the need to amend the Iraqi standards of housing.
Satellites may provide data with various spectral and spatial resolutions. The spatial resolution of panchromatic (PAN) images is higher, but the spectral resolution of multispectral (MS) images is greater. There is Satellite sensors limitation for capturing an image with high spatial and spectral resolution, due to the hardware design of the sensors. Whereas many remote sensing, as well as GIS applications, need high spatial and spectral resolution. Image fusion merges images of different spectral and spatial resolutions based on a certain algorithm. It can be used to overcome the sensor's limitation and play an important role in the extraction of information. The standard image fusion approaches lose spatial information or distort spectral characteristics. Optimizations of fusion rules can overcome and degrade the distortions as the fusion core is the image fusion rules. In this paper, the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is used to find the optimal injection gain, as most distortions in image fusion are caused by the extraction and injection of spatial detail. Both qualitative and quantitative metrics were utilized to evaluate the quality of the merged image. The mentioned metrics that were used commonly for evaluation of image fusion results support the proposed algorithm for image fusion as the output image was qualitatively and quantitatively growth. In the future the proposed method can be updated by increasing the objective function dimensions to two or three for getting a best fused image.
The standard concrete mixing procedures indicate that during concrete mixing process, it is recommended to use fully saturated- dry surface course aggregates (FSDCA). It is clear that the exact application of this rule will produce a concrete of a good quality. But in practice, course aggregates are exposed to weather changes. This actual situation will lead to dry the course aggregates in summer and to over wet it during winter. To investigate the effect of using different moisture content course aggregates on concrete product in work site an experimental program had been done. This program consists of testing 54 concrete samples (27 cube +27 prism). The samples were divided into three groups (a, b, and c). The second group (b) was a concrete mix containing dry aggregates, while the third group (c) contained over wet aggregates and the first group (a) was the basic standard mix using (FSDCA). One third of the samples were tested in the age of 7 days, while the other third was tested in the age of 14 days and the rest after 28 days. Test results show that there are reduction in compression and flexural strengths of concrete due to the use of different moisture content course aggregates. Finally, new recommendations were concluded to be used in practice to overcome the mentioned repetitive error and to be more close to the theoretical recommendations in order to get better concrete properties.
Matrix converters (MCs) have attracted significant interest and found extensive applications across multiple industries owing to their desirable characteristics. These include the capability to produce sinusoidal currents at both input and output, substantial size reduction, and enhanced reliability by minimizing significant passive components. This paper explores the potential of MC technology as a viable alternative to conventional AC-DC-AC converters in industrial applications. It discusses recent advancements in MC structural configurations, modulation/control algorithms, and multiphase structures and control systems. The paper offers an in-depth review of modern industrial uses of MC technology. It also delves into different methods for managing induction motors, particularly the DTC (Direct Torque Control) approach. The study explores the intricacies of DTC and its relationship with SVM. The primary research objective is to examine the performance of an IM when operated with an SVPWM inverter, focusing on harmonic analysis of voltages and currents. Various PWM methods regulate the voltage and frequency supplied to the IM. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and SVPWM are the two most commonly used 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter strategies. The growing adoption of SVPWM is driven by its ability to reduce harmonic content in voltage and enhance the fundamental output voltage of the IM. Consequently, this study models a DTC-SVM theory-driven IM using MATLAB/SIMULINK to control the speed of induction motors. The following values were calculated for the system: Quality factor=2.236, Damping ratio=4.45, and the cut-off frequency (fc=355.88H).
Management of water resources become one of the most important subjects in the human's life. The water sustains life on earth, therefore; more care for water management is necessary. In the last years, studies show water use will be more in the world as result of rapid increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization etc. The evaporation losses from dam's reservoirs and lagoon form very huge losses in water resources. The annual evaporation depth losses in Iraqi Western Desert is about (2.25 -3) meter, this depth store the highest percentage of the small dams. Sub-surface storage reduces evaporation losses and maintains water quality by minimizing salt concentration. In present study, three tanks are used to simulate the subsurface reservoirs to study the effectiveness of underground storage on reducing the evaporation loss. Each tank have squares cross section tanks of (80) cm length and (40) cm depth and filled up to (34) cm with different graded soil (labeled as A, B with coarse soil, and D with fine soil) to simulate the storage below the ground. While the forth tank filled with water (labeled as C) to represent the reservoir of direct evaporation for comparison study. The present study considers three parameters that can controlled the evaporation from subsurface reservoirs: (a) temperature variation, (b) water table variation, and (c) material properties such as porosity. The field study continues for four months, it was started at Jun.11, 2016 and ended at Dec. 15, 2016 in the Erbil city at north of Iraq. The results showed evaporation losses are reduced by using subsurface storage reservoir with gravel in comparison with free surface evaporation. The evaporation losses are reduced about 46 % , 39% , 64% when the water table below gravel surface range from 5 to 10 cm , while at 20 cm depth of the water table the evaporation reduction is about (85 % to 86% 95%) from A, B and D tanks with porosity 0.65 ,0.67 and o.35 for A ,B and D tanks, respectively..
Milling includes a variety of different tasks and tools, ranging from small individual pieces to large, powerful group processes. It is one of the most commonly used techniques for producing custom parts with exact tolerances. Surface roughness of machined parts has a significant impact on the finished item's quality, which may have an impact on its tolerance and performance. This paper studies the prediction of the values of surface roughness of low-carbon steel AISI 1015 in milling operations. Three different machining parameters with nine variable samples are selected to investigate the resultant surface roughness of the AISI 1015 low-carbon steel samples, including different spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut. The results revealed that the feed rate of 100 mm/min at a spindle speed of 930 rpm and a depth of 1.5 mm produced the lowest surface roughness (Ra) value of 1.170 µm, while the feed rate of 300 mm/min at a spindle speed of 1100 rpm produced the greatest surface roughness value of 2.605.
Responding quickly and economically to the diversification of customer needs has forced manufacturing companies adopting approaches to delivering low cost, high quality sustainable products based on finding a link between the design or the manufacturing processes and other key elements of sustainability; economic, environmental, and social. However, these approaches had limited success. The most likely reason for the lack of integration between the design and manufacturing stages of the product and complexity of addressing the above mentioned three key elements of sustainability due to existing of many variables in relation to design, manufacturing, locations, logistic operations and so on. Taking into account the required integration as well as the associated complexity of considering sustainability elements can lead to large space alternative solutions and it is more difficult to use only exact methods to the optimization of such problem. This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) approach aiming to optimize a high sustainability performance by designing a product and the corresponding manufacturing processes for that product. Process optimization is carried out in terms of the highest fitness function achieved where different objectives are to be optimized simultaneously. The proposed GA approach is applied to the industrial case example. The proposed approach can assist decision makers to help explain when justifying their decision on what are the best product design and its manufacturing processes to obtain high sustainability performance.