Enhancing the hydrothermal performance of plate-fin microchannels heat sink (PFMCHS) promises smaller size and lighter weight, and then improve the heat removal in consequently increase the speed of electronic devices. In this numerical study, an innovative hydrothermal design of PFMCHS is suggested by inserting elliptic pins inside microchannels in different; aspect ratio (AR) of pin, pin number ratio (ψ) in order to optimize the hydrothermal design of this kind of heat sinks. The main objectives of this study are; investigating the effect of pins on the performance of PFMCHS by investigating the best geometry in the pinned-fin MCHS and which is higher, thermal or hydraulic performance of this kind of heat sinks and what is the optimal number of pins numerically and what about the pressure drop penalty in the proposed design, little, modest or high increase. It is seen that the thermal resistance of the pinned fin MCHS is about 50% lower, and pressure drop of it is much higher than that of the (PFMCHS) under the condition of equal wind velocity. Maximum mechanical fan power reduction obtained is about 57% for the pinned fin MCHS with ψ = 1 and Dh = 1 ×10-3 m compared to the corresponding original channel heat sink. To show the overall performance of the two parameters; aspect ratio (AR), pin number ratio (ψ), the overall JF factor is estimated and the concrete findings shows that the best hydrothermal performance is obtained at the greater aspect ratio which is around overall JF = 1.2. In addition, the trend of overall JF is going down with the pin number ratio, starting from 1.2 to 1.15. And the concrete findings show that pinned fin MCHS provides thermal performance of 1.42 times greater than the smooth one under the corresponding conditions when one pin is used in each channel
The aim of this paper is to in investigate the performance characteristics of counter flow wet cooling towers experimentally by varying air and water temperatures, fins angle, rate of air flow, rate of water flow as well as the evaporation heat transfer, along the height of the tower. The analysis of the theoretical results revealed before that the thermal performance of the cooling tower is sensitive to the degree of saturation of inlet air. Hence, the cooling capacity of the cooling tower increases with decreasing inlet air temperature whereas the overall water temperature fall is curtailed with increasing water to air mass ratio. From the experimental study the efficiency of the cooling tower and cooling tower characteristics are higher in case of low mass flow ratio due to higher contact area of water to air. Because of better contact area between airs to water the drop in performance of the cooling tower is less. The effect of fins angle on the thermal performance of counter flow wet cooling tower was predicted. The experimental study showed that the cooling range, cooling coefficient, , heat load , change in air relative humidity and cooling tower effectiveness increased with increasing fins angles and optimum fins angle obtained from this experimental work was 70 degree, at this angle all cooling tower performance has been calculated were better. While the approach increased with decreasing fins angles, the minimum approach was obtained for 70 degree fins angles and the maximum approach was obtained for 30 degree fins angles.
Numerous inserts types are employed in different heat transfer improvement application devices. In this review study is forced on various types of twisted tape inserts in heat exchanger pipe. Geometrical configurations of twisted tape for example twist direction; length, width, space, twist ratio etc. were highly effect on flow pattern, hydrodynamic flow and heat transfer performance. In this review study observed that using different types of twisted tapes can improve thermal performance and hydrodynamic as compared to smooth pipe (without twisted tape). The review investigations found that improvement of thermal performance happens owing to decrease in pipe cross area, leads to rise in mixing flow, turbulence flow intensity flow and rise in swirl flow established through different kinds of twisted tapes. This article dealt with investigations pub-lished in corrugated pipes with varying field applications to provide good information for engi-neers and designers whom dealing and concerning with improvement of heat performance in heat exchanger corrugated pipes.
ORE addresses various kinds of losses associated with manufacturing system which can be targeted for initiating improvements. Evaluating ORE will is helpful to the decision maker(s) for further analysis and continually improves the performance of the resources. Overall Resource Effectiveness (ORE) encompasses seven factors are; performance, quality rate, readiness, changeover efficiency, availability of material and availability of manpower. In this research Job shop production of General Company for hydraulic industries, with focus on Damper and Tasks Factory (DTF)is tested as a case study for two of the most customer demand rear dampers (Samaned and Nissan). Data are collected and analyzed for years 2016-2017 to evaluate of ORE values. Results show that process performance factor among other seven factors have the less value causing the highest loss in ORE decrease. Where the highest ORE value is (58.6%) for Nissan and (69.3) for Samaned rare production. Also, time loss due to set up time is detected where it ranges from 3% to about 13% per month for the above mentioned two tested dampers. Results are generated employing Minitab Version 17, Quality Companion Version 3 soft wares. It is recommended to introduce SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Dies) concept that could decrease losses in set up time .Also improvements in maintenance programs are vital, and above all improving process performance values is essential by employing lean manufacturing that result in fast outcomes ,and TQM process improvement strategy for long term outcomes these two process performance strategies may enhance ORE values therefore, decrease losses, and consequently increase quality and productivity.
The aim of the study is to investigate the effects oils vegetable blends on the performance of single cylinder compression ignition Engine. The three types of vegetable oil appeared to affect the engine performance in a similar way and compared well with diesel fuel, this paper included prepared four samples fuels . They include (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends), (10% corn oil- 90% diesel blends) and pure diesel . The testing achieved between different fuel simples by using the engine four stroke type (TD111) with a single-cylinder and compression ratio (21:1) . The results show that there is decreasing in parameters performance of engine with using vegetable fuel blends , the brake power decrease as (7.4% ),(5.2%) and ( 1.3%) with using the samples (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel for the engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. .While at same engine speed the ηbth showed a decrease as (10.9 %),(7.5%) and ( 5.8%) with using the (10% olive oil – 90%diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90%diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel . At the same time , it can be found that bsfc also increases as (7.9% ) , (5.7%) and ( 2.4%) with using (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90% diesel blends)compared to pure diesel fuel . The exhaust gas temperature decrease as ( 7 0C),( 5 0C)& (3 0C) with using the samples (10% olive oil – 90% diesel blends) , (10% sunflower oil- 90% diesel blends) , and (10% corn oil- 90%diesel blends) respectively compared with pure diesel fuel for the engine speed of 2000 r.p.m. .
This paper contributes to the field of improving the performance of heat exchangers using metal foam (MF) full-filled and partially/periodically-filled within the gap between the two pipes. The effect of configuration and arrangement of copper MF (15PPI and porosity of 0.95) installed on the outer surface of the inner pipe of a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger on the thermal and hydraulic performance was studied experimentally. The test section consisted of concentric two pipes; the inner pipe which was made of copper while the outer pipe was a Polyvinyl chlo-ride. Air was used as a working fluid in both hot and cold sides. A wide cold air flow rate range was covered from 3 to 36 m3/h which corresponds to Reynolds number (Re) range from 2811 to 31,335. The hot air flow rate was kept constant at 3m3/h. The temperature difference (ΔT) be-tween the inlet hot air and inlet cold air was adopted to be (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C). The re-sults revealed that the higher Nusselt number (Nu) was at ΔT= 50°C and the thermal performance of the heat exchanger with the MF for all the arrangements was greater than the smooth heat exchanger. The highest and lowest friction factor was 1.033 and 0.0833 for the case 1 and 8, re-spectively, and the optimal performance evaluation criteria (PEC) was 1.62 for case 7 at Re = 2800. The Nu would be increased with a moderate increase in the friction factor by optimizing the arrangement of the MF. The two essential parameters that played an important role for in-creasing the PEC were the MF diameter and the MF arrangement along the axial length of the cold air stream.
The main objective of this paper is to create a method for designing and studying the performance of a multistage axial flow compressor. A mathematical methodology based on aerothermodynamics is used to study the on /off design performance of the compressor. Performance curves are obtained by changing the performance parameters in terms of design parameters (diffusion factor, solidity, Mach number, and inlet flow angle). Results show the great effect of diffusion factor on increasing efficiency than that of solidity, also the effect of both (diffusion factor and solidity) in increasing the amount of compression and efficiency of the compressor. Higher efficiency was found at the mean line between the root and tip of the blade. Best lift to drag ratio is found at inlet flow angle of (55o).
Materials selection is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems because the large numberof factors affecting on decision making. The best choice of available material is critical to thecompetitiveness and success of the manufacturing organisation. The analytical hierarchy process(AHP) is an important tool to solve MCDM problems. The choosing process of suitable material(such as a refrigerant fluid) for the Air Condition System (ACS) is faced with challenges such aslack of a systematic approach in setting the optimal performance in terms of its impact on theenvironment and operation. Selecting process for the one refrigerant from a range suitable ofsuitable refrigerant is complex process. The study presents a comparative performance analysisof ACS for using four alternative refrigerants R290, R410, R404 and R22. Then, one of these suitablerefrigerant is selected. The comparison is based on three criteria system operation, environmentand maintenance.Novels ACS performance assessment model is proposed based on an analytical hierarchy process(AHP). The model is based on two main criteria of ACS, quantitative criteria, cooling capacity(CC), coefficient of performance (COP), etc.).And qualitative criteria (Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Global Warming Potential (GWP) andmaintenance cost (MC)). It is necessary to look for new technique help decision making to selectalternative refrigerants, to fulfill the goals of the international protocols (Montreal and Kyoto)and optimum operation, to satisfy the growing worldwide demand, in addition the increase outdoortemperature in some countries.This study provides a developed methodology for evaluating ACS performance. Moreover, it helpsto select a robust decision. The results obtained from AHP process that the best rank of the suitablerefrigerant was R404 (0.3763) followed by R22 (0.3657) and so on for the other. Therefore,the proposed methodology can help the decision maker to select the best alternative for bothcriteria (qualitative and quantitative) in complex selecting process.
An experimental study is carried out to compare the thermal performance of a sintered powder metal wick heat pipe. Pure water and absolute ethanol are used as two different working fluids. The pipe is made of copper with 300 mm length, 14 mm diameter, and 1.0 mm wall thickness. The wick is made of copper powder. All the experiments are accomplished and the heat pipe is at the horizontal position (è=0o). The heat flux changed within the range (2.8 -13.13) kW/m2, while all other conditions remained constant. The results show that the thermal performance of the heat pipe is better when water is the working fluid, where the operating temperature and the thermal resistance of the heat pipe are lower when the water is the working fluid.
In this paper, the hydraulic-thermal performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with 45°-helical ribs is numerically studied. The ribbed double-pipe heat exchanger is modelled using three heights (H = 0, 2.5, 3.75, 5 mm) of 45°-helical ribs. Two numbers (4-ribs and 8-ribs) of 45°-helical ribs are attached on the outer surface of the inner pipe of the counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger and compared with a smooth double-pipe heat exchanger. Three-Dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a laminar forced annular flow is performed in order to study the characteristics of pressure drop and convective heat transfer. In addition, the influence of rib geometries and hydraulic flow behaviour on the thermal performance is system-atically considered in the evaluations. The annular cold flow is investigated with the range of Reynolds numbers from 100 to 1000, with three heights of ribs at the same width (W = 2 mm) and inclined angles of (θ = 45°).The results illustrate that the average Nusselt number and pressure drop increase with an in-creasing number of ribs, the height of ribs and Reynold number, while the friction factor decreas-es with increasing Reynolds numbers. The percentage of averaged Nusselt number enhancement for three rib heights (H = 2.5, 3.75 and 5 mm) at 4-ribs is (34%, 65% and 71%), respectively, While for 8-ribs the enhancement percentage is (48%, 87% and 133%) as compared with the smooth double-pipe heat exchanger at Re = 100. The best performance evaluation criteria of (PEC) at (8-ribs, and H = 5 mm) is 2.8 at Re = 750. The attached 45-helical ribs in the annulus path can generate kind of secondary flows, which enhance the fluid mixing operation between the hot surface of the annular gap and the cold fluid in the mid of the annulus, which lead to a high-temperature distribution. Increasing the height of 45°-helical ribs lead to an increase in the sur-face area subjecting to convective heat transfer.
In this study, a numerical investigation on the thermo-hydraulic performance of thedouble pipe heat exchanger into heat transfer by different shapes of fins on the outersurface for the inner tube as extended surfaces. The inner and outer diameters of theinner pipe were (16.05 mm), (19.05 mm) respectively, and (34.1 mm), (38.1 mm) for theouter tube. The length of the heat exchanger was (1000 mm). Hot and cold water wereused as the working fluid, where the hot water flows inside of the inner one in counterflow with the cold water which flows in the annulus. The inlet temperature for the hotwater is (75 OC) while it is (30 OC) for the cold. The hot fluid flows at constant ratewhich is (0.1kg/s) while the cold is varied from (0.1 kg/s to 0.2 kg/s).The study wasperform using the known commercial CFD package (ANSYS – FLUNET 15) .Theresults shows that both (rectangular and triangular) fins enhances the heat transfercoefficient compare with the conventional plain tube .The rectangular fins presents anheat transfer enhancement ratio of (61% to 74%). Using of extended surfaces present agood result in saving energy by enhancing the performance of the double pipe heatexchangers used in petroleum industry.
This study is the second stage of the paper “Studying the Effect of Rubber- Silicone on Physical Properties of Asphalt Cement”. The present study examines the effect of additives on asphalt mixture performance. Asphalt mixture has been designed by Marshall Method for determining the optimum asphalt content and geophysical properties of mix according to ASTM (D-1559). Rubber-silicone at different percentages (1%, 2%, 3% and 5%) was added to asphalt binder. Six specimens of asphalt rubber silicone mixture (ARSM) for each percentage are prepared and evaluated according to Marshall method. Diametric tensile creep test ASTM (D-1075) at 60 Co was used to evaluate permanent deformation and modulus of elasticity for ARSM. The study showed that the Rubber-Silicone has more effects on performance of asphalt mixture by increasing the Marshal stability, air voids, and reducing the flow and bulk density compared with the original mix. It also increases the flexibility properties of the mix and this appears from reducing the permanent deformation at test temperature (60C), the reduction percent is about (30 to 70) %.
In this study, thermal-hydraulic performance of a confined slot jet impingement with Al2O3-water nanofluid has been numerically investigated over Reynolds number ranges of 100-1000. Two triangular ribs are mounted at a heated target wall; one rib located on the right side of the stagnation point and another one located on left side of the stagnation point. The governing momentum, continuity and energy equations in the body-fitted coordinates terms are solved using the finite volume method and determined iteratively based on SIMPLE algorithm. In this study, effects of Reynolds number, rib height and rib location on the thermal and flow characteristics have been displayed and discussed. Numerical results show an increase in the average Nusselt number and pressure drop when Reynolds number and rib height increases. In addition, the pressure drop and average Nusselt number increases with decrease the space between the stagnation point and rib. The maximum enhancement of the average Nusselt number is up to 39 % at Reynolds number of 1000, the rib height of 0.3, rib location of 2 and nanoparticles volume fraction of 4%. The best thermal-hydraulic performance of the impinging jet can be obtained when the rib height of 0.2 and rib location of 2 from the stagnation point with 4% nanoparticles volume fraction.
Heat exchangers are considered essential parts in many industrial applications. The construction process for heat exchangers is completely complex because accurate measurements of the penalty of pressure-drop and the rate of heat transfer are needed. Designing a compact heat exchanger with a high heat transfer rate, while utilizing the least amount of pumping power, is the main design challenge. The most recent investigations (including experimental results, numerical models, and analytical solutions) in the field of circular tube heat exchangers in general, and twisted tapes and wire coils in particular, are covered in this review article, which has more than 90 references. The enhancement techniques in heat exchangers tubes can generally be separated into three groups: active, passive, and hybrid (compound) approaches. This article reviews the literature on advancements made in passive enhancement approaches, with a specific focus on two types of passive promoters that employ twisted tapes and wire coils. The main contribution of this research is to highlight the behavior and structure of fluid flow and the heat transfer features for the twisted tapes and the wire coils. It also explains how these passive promoters can be used in circular tube heat exchangers to improve hydrothermal performance. Where, the installation of wire coils and twisted tapes considerably alters the flow pattern and aids in the improvement of heat transfer. Where, comprehending the behavior of fluid flow is crucial and contributes to the enhancement of heat transfer. Twisted tapes are less effective in turbulent flow than wire coils because they obstruct the flow, which results in a significant pressure reduction. When it comes to turbulent flow, the thermohydraulic performance of twisted tapes is lower to that of wire coils.
The complete of the architectural space consider the most interested side in meanings and what it contain . it is the space where the basic stamp for the architecture formation achieved as the acoustic performance was one of the functional articles that belong to some architectural spaces style , the research choose two rooms belong to the institute used as auditorium to study its efficiency about the availability of some important acoustic indicators that should be available in such kind of auditoriums to achieve the connection between the engineering design and the acoustical design for the auditorium elements to reach the required performance for the room to give comfortable impression . the research see to study some of the following indicators :- 1. Reverberation Time. 2. Loudness. 3. intelligibility of Speech and Articulation.
The aim of this paper is to study experimentally the effect of steel fibers content on the modulus of elasticity of High Performance concrete HPC in different curing age. The results showed that adding steel fibers to HPC led to a considerable improvement in static and dynamic modulus of elasticity where at 90 day water curing the percentages of increasing in static modulus of elasticity of High Performance Steel Fiber Concrete HPSFC relative to HPC were 8.2%, 9.98%, and 11.88% at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% steel fibers by total concrete volume, respectively. While, the improvement of dynamic modulus of elasticity of HPSFC relative to HPC at 28 day were 8.09%, 10.7%, and 11.07% % at 0.5 %, 1 %, and 1.5 % respectively.
These systems show great promise by converting waste heat from photovoltaic modules into additional electrical power. The study analyzes the performance and efficiency of the hybrid PV-TEG systems under varying conditions, such as different solar concentration ratios, cooling methods, and materials. While these innovations promise to improve system efficiency, the review also identifies several challenges, including increased thermal resistance, higher system costs, and the minimal temperature difference across the TEG, which significantly limits its performance. This limitation, where the temperature differential is often too small to be effectively harnessed, reduces the TEG's overall efficiency and hinders the integrated system's potential gains. The review underscores the need for urgent and extensive research to develop optimized design configurations, durable mathematical models, and further experimental validation to ensure the practical viability of these systems under diverse environmental conditions. Despite these challenges, the potential of PV-TEG systems to revolutionize solar energy technologies is undeniable.PV-TEG performance is intricately linked to environmental conditions: higher solar radiation boosts efficiency, but increased ambient temperatures reduce it. TEGs often hinder PV cooling, yielding minimal efficiency gains. Non-uniform heat and low-temperature differences across TEGs further decrease performance. While hybrids can improve power conversion, high costs limit feasibility. However, with strategies such as enhancing solar concentration, using effective cooling methods like water or nanofluids, and advanced materials like phase change materials, the efficiency and reliability of these systems can be significantly improved
The increasing price of fossil derivatives, global warming and energy market instabilities are a major problem. In recent years, these problems led to an increasing using of renewable energy sources such as wind energy. Wind turbine used to extract this energy from the wind to produce power or electricity. Due to low cost, easy for maintenance and it is, portability the most com-monly used among wind turbines is small axis wind turbine. Analysis to optimization power coef-ficient ( ) of a small wind turbine blade design model (Primus Wind power AIR 40 Wind Tur-bine 12VDC) are evaluated and discussed in this study. A shape of blade wind turbine is the pri-mery parapeter affected the power output of wind turbine. In this type of turbine NACA2411 used as the blade airfoil as represent shape of blade. For this goal, 185 different airfoils selected. For this purpose, using the XFOIL software to simulate the properties of each airfoil at Re (1.0*105, 1.5*105, 2.0*105, 2.5*105, 3.0*105 and 3.5*105) and angle of attack from 0˚ to 10˚, Then elimination criteria was performed for removing those airfoils would not suitable for the purpose up on their effiency. At the end of analysing Matlab software used for calculate the power coeffi-cient and selecting the best airfoils design for used manufacture anew blade for that type of small wind turbine with better power coefficient. The output of XFOIL and matlab software showed by tabulates and graphs. As a results show 3 airfoils were selected due to their performance better than other airfoils from an initial group of 185 as exemplification of the methodology namely S1210,SD7034 and S2091, The maximum that has been achieved by which used airfoil S1210 equal to 0.52 at Re 350000.
The reliability of water supply system is a critical factor in the development and the ongoing capability to succeed in life and people's health. Determining of its, with high certainty, for performance of water supply system is developed to ensure the sustainability of system. Reliability (Re) plays a great role in evaluation of system sustainability. The probability approaches have been used to evaluate the reliability problems of systems. The probability approach is failed to address the problems of reliability evaluation that comes by subjectivity, human inputs and lack of history data. This research proposed two models; I) traditional model: fuzzy reliability measure suggested by Duckstein and Shresthaand then developed by El-Baroudy; and II) developed model: fuzzy reliability-vulnerability model. The two models implemented and evaluation of water supply system by using two hypothetical systems (G and H). System (G) consists of a single pump and System (H) consists of a two parallel pumps. Triangular and trapezoidal membership functions (MFs) are used to investigate of the reliability measure to the form of the membership function. The results agree with expectations that the reliability of parallel component system {ReH (0.53)} is higher than the reliability of single component system {ReG (0.47)}. Moreover, the result by using fuzzy set reduces the effect of subjectively in process of decision-making (DM). The fuzzy reliability vulnerability is able to handle different fuzzy representations and different operation environment of system
Experiments were carried out on natural convection heat transfer from longitudinal trapezoidal fins array heat sink subjected to the influence of orientation. A trapezoidal fins heat sink with various orientations tested under a controlled environment. Test results indicate that the sideward horizontal fin orientation yield the lowest heat transfer coefficient. However the sideward vertical fin orientation gave the best performance on the natural cooling. From the experiments Nu is determined as a function of Ra at Pr=0.7 for each orientation with Ra ranging between (1400 and 3900).From the results; Heat transfer coefficient of the sideward vertical fins is higher by (12%) than the heat transfer coefficient of the upward while it is higher than the heat transfer coefficient of the downward by (26%) and by (120%) with the sideward horizontal fins. Orientation affected the temperature distribution along the fins, therefore the temperature along the sideward vertical fins have the best performance with uniform distribution, while in sideward and downward the temperature increased in the positions near the base plate surface because of the complication in moving the heated air.
Turbo codes have been deployed in many cutting-edge technologies because they can achieve very high coding gains. Turbo decoders deploy at least two Soft-Input-Soft-Out (SISO) decoders, which operate iteratively to incorporate their results to conclude the output. The soft outputs from the used constituent SISO decoders develop gradually along the iterations. This development is studied and analyzed in this work to understand the dynamics leading to the results. Histograms statistically group and visualize the soft results for further analysis and study. A method is proposed to evaluate the decoding performance based on the density of the values of the soft outputs within the histogram. Results show that the performance is inversely related to the ratio of the values of the soft outputs within the near-zero bins within the histogram. The proposed method can be deployed at the decoder to provide an early indication of the reception and whether it has the potential to be correctly decoded or not. This early decision can save the decoding resources.
The dynamics of wind turbine has to be studied carefully to avoid unpredictable outputs and to make sure that consistent and efficient power is supplied according to the load requirements. There is a great and urgent necessity to increase the efforts in the development of the researches of the renewable energy to decrease the dependency on the conventional ones. The objective of this research is to make a contribution to the ongoing wind turbine research in the area of modeling, which is the first step required for the control and implementation of wind turbines. The wind turbine transfer function is derived and its performance has been established using the MATHLAB Software. This research provided a different approach to wind turbine modeling methodology. The results of this research may be used in another step for completing the control process of the wind turbine.
In this paper, turbulent forced convection of nanofluid flow in channel with isoscelestriangularbaffles is numerically investigated over Reynolds number ranges of 5000-10000.One baffle mounted on the bottom wall of channel and another mounted on the top wall.Al2O3-water nanofluid with nanoparticles volume fraction of 4% and nanoparticles diametersof 25 nm is used. The governing continuity, momentum and energy equations as well as thelow Reynolds number k-ε model of Launder and Sharma have been solved using finitevolume method. The effect of baffle height, baffle distance as well as Reynolds number onthe flow and thermal characteristics have been presented and discussed. It is found that theenhancement ratio of the average Nusselt number as well as the fraction factor increase withincreasing in the baffles height. It is also found that the enhancement ratio of the averageNusselt number increases as the distance of top baffle decrease. Furthermore, the bestthermal-hydraulic performance of channel with triangular baffles using nanofluid can beobtained at baffle height of 2.5 mm, distance of the top baffle of 40 mm and Reynoldsnumber of 5000.
The performance of electronic devices, especially computers, depends on the efficiency of the electronic chips and Computer processing units, which are mainly made of semiconductors, so their working efficiency is inversely proportional to their working temperature. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the design, implementation, and testing of three cooling systems to maintain the temperature of the processing unit as minimum as possible. The first is a traditional system dissipates heat from the working fluid to the air through a finned tube heat exchanger. The second successive hybrid system was designed to integrate with the first one in addition to a thermoelectric cooling system to cool the working fluid. The third system included in addition to the traditional heat dissipation one, an intercooler cylinder with a large quantity of the working fluid in the main system beside a separate system for cooling the working fluid using thermoelectric cooling to ensure sufficient cooling of the processing units when working at high frequencies by providing a large capacity of working fluid pre-cooled to a low temperature. Comparing the experimental results of the cooling systems with the traditional one under the same test conditions showed that the second system led to a reduction in the temperature of the processing unit by 5.2%, while employing the third system reduced the temperature to 11.3%., When the thermoelectric cooling unit operates at a performance factor of about 1.76.
Image compression involves reducing the size of image data file, while retaining necessary information.This paper uses the facilities of the Genetic Algorithm for the enhancement of the performance of one of the popular compression method, Vector Quantization method is selected in this work. After studying this method, new proposed algorithm for mixing the Genetic Algorithm with this method was constructed and then the required programs for testing this algorithm was written. The proposed algorithm was tested by applying it on some image data files. Some fidelity measures are calculated to evaluate the performance of the new proposed algorithm. A good enhancement was recorded for the performance of the Vector Quantization method when mixed with the Genetic Algorithm. All programs were written by using Matlab (version 7.0) and these programs were executed on the Pentium III (866 MHz) personal computer.
Serial Concatenation Convolutional Codes (SCCCs) encoder is built using a serial concatenation of two Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) encoders, separated by an interleaver. These two RSC encoders depending on the trellis termination criteria are software implemented and the performance of each one of them is analyzed under different conditions and circumstances. The output data from the encoder are multiplied by an amplitude matrix (AM) at the transmitter side and the Inverse of Amplitude Matrix (IAM) at the receiver side. The reliability estimation, log-likelihood algebra, and soft channel outputs for Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) are examined. Then the modified Viterbi metric that incorporates a-priori information used for SOVA decoding is derived. A low memory implementation of the SOVA decoder is presented. The iterative SOVA for SCCCs is described with illustrative examples. The behavior of the SCCCs encoder-decoder scheme is tested under different circumstances with AM and without AM at the AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels with unlike frame sizes (FS) and constraint length (K). The results show that the performance of system with AM outperforms the other conventional system that worked without AM.
In a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), routing protocols rely on asymmetric links so the received information for one connection is not useful at all for the other one. In this paper there are two approaches put under considerations; the first approach is a simulation of MANET with many nodes in one network based FTP traffic. The second approach is a simulation of the combination between WiFi and WiMax wireless technologies in one network based on the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 standards respectively. For these two approaches, the simulation considers the situation that the MANET receives traffic from another network via a common gateway. In addition, the mobile nodes are randomly placed in the network that will provide the possibility of multihop routes from a node to another. The standard MANET’s routing protocol is Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV), whose performance is evaluated in this work with respect to routing overhead, throughput and end-to-end delay. Several scenarios' simulations using WLAN technology were tested to investigate the behavior of the network performance for logical and office applications with fixed and mobile workstations. These networks are considered to operate on a single-hop or multi-hop basis where nodes in the network are able to act as intermediaries (routers) for communications of other nodes. Nodes in these networks are forced to operate with power limited batteries for power saving goal as well as the bandwidth constrained is considered.
This research provides a comparison between the performances of Sugeno type versus Mamdani-type fuzzy inference systems. The main motivation behind this research was to assess which approach provides the best performance for satellite image classification. The performance of each approach has been evaluated for six bands (from Landsat-5) for West Iraq image classification and compared with traditional method (Maximum likelihood), based on pixel-by-pixel technique. Due to the importance of performance in online systems we compare the Mamdani model, used previously, with a Sugeno formulation using four types of membership function (MF) generation methods. The first method triangular membership function using the mean, minimum and maximum of the histogram attribute values. The second approach generates triangular membership function using the peak and the standard deviation of attributes values. The third procedure generates Gaussian membership function using the mean and the standard deviation of the histogram attributes values. The fourth approach generates Gaussian membership function using the peak and the standard deviation of the histogram attributes values. The results show that the Mamdani models perform better in most of the case under study.
The detection of faults in electronic circuits is crucial to ensure the proper performance and reliability of electronic applications that utilize these devices. This work discovers, for the first time, that a direct tester board for fault diagnosis can be used not only for the intended measurement of current and voltage but also for studying the potential development of these magnitudes in inaccessible locations, as it detects register transfer level signals through oscilloscopes with low acquisition speeds. The experimental analysis carried out combines the use of commercial software with spatial distribution tracking and the exploitation of the sizes of network links in their computer graphical representation. The proper detection of malfunctions in electronic systems is crucial for enhancing their performance and reliability. We intend to explore the troubleshooting of analog electronic systems, for which we use wide-band direct tester boards. To evaluate its performance in routine practice, we perform experimentation using two different analog circuits designed. They consist of conventional operational amplifiers and element modeling based on equivalent resistance-capacitance networks. Given the procedure followed, commercial programs were used. Special mention should be made of the conclusion matrix, which is interesting when selecting suitable diagnostic parameters. The effectiveness of direct measurement based on integrated probes in the two projects, which allowed for fault insertion, was also confirmed. The results and discussions were enriched by the summarized experimental test report. The work concludes with a reflection on the relationship between this work and the existing state of the art, as well as the new challenges posed by international researchers.
This article presents a numerical study on forced convection of nanofluid flow in a two-dimensional channel with trapezoidal baffles. One baffle mounted on the top wall of channel and another mounted on the bottom wall of channel. The governing continuity, momentum and energy equations in body-fitted coordinates are iteratively solved using finite volume method and SIMPLE technique. In the current study, SiO2-water nanofluid with nanoparticles volume fraction range of 0- 0.04 and nanoparticles diameters of 30 nm is considered for Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 1000. The effect of baffles height and location, nanopar-ticles volume fraction and Reynolds number on the flow and thermal fields are investigated. It is found that the average Nusselt number as well as thermal hydraulic performance increases with increasing nanopartiles volume fraction and baffle height but accompanied by increases the pressure drop. The results also show that the best thermal- hydraulic performance is obtained at baffle height of 0.3 mm, locations of baffles at upper and lower walls of 10 and 15 mm, respectively, and nanoparticles volume fraction of 0.04 over the ranges of Reynolds number.
In this paper, turbulent convective heat transfer in a triangular-ribbed chan-nel has been numerically investigated. SiO2-water with nanoparticles volume fraction of 4% and nanoparticles diameters of 30 nm is employed with Reyn-olds number ranging from 2000 to 8000. The governing continuity, momen-tum and energy equations in addition to low Reynolds number k-ε model have been transformed into body-fitted coordinates system and then solved using finite volume method. The effects of Reynolds number and rib heights on Nusselt number, pressure drop, thermal-hydraulic performance factor and entropy generation are presented and discussed. It is observed that the Nusselt number, pressure drop and thermal performance increase with in-creasing of Reynolds number and rib height. In addition, the highest perfor-mance factor can be obtained at Reynolds number of 6500 and rib height of 1.5 mm.
Approximately one-quarter of all automobile collisions in the United States are thought to be caused by a distracted or inattentive driver. As more wireless communication, entertainment, and driver assistance technologies become available in vehicles, the number of distracted driving accidents is projected to rise. Driver distraction is a major concern in North America, Europe, and Japan when it comes to road safety. The importance of driver distraction as a road safety concern, on the other hand, has just lately been recognized. This study presents an overview of current studies on in-vehicle driver distraction, with an emphasis on mobile phone usage, as this technol-ogy has garnered the most attention in the literature on driver distraction. The impact of in-vehicle gadgets on driving performance is discussed in this review. The adaptive techniques driv-ers use to maintain acceptable driving performance when distracted are discussed, as well as the situations under which these adaptive tactics can fail and how driving performance is harmed when they do. Legislation prohibiting drivers from using their cellphones while driving has had minimal effect, presumably due to a lack of regulation and enforcement. As potential preventive measures to decrease accidents caused by distracted drivers, behavior modification programs, enhanced vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been created.
Composite pressure vessels (i.e. types III and IV) are widely used for compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, as storage cylinders to reduce the weight while maintaining high mechanical properties. These vessels can achieve 70-80% of weight saving, as compared to steel vessels (type I). So, prediction of first ply failure and burst pressure of these vessels is of great concern. Thus, this paper involved a review of literature regarding the first ply failure and burst pressure of composite pressure vessels (types III and IV). The review included the researches related to the simulation, mathematical modeling, and experimental analysis. The study focused on simulation-related research more than others due to the complexities of mathematical modeling of such problems in addition to the high cost of experimental tests. The results indicated that the stacking sequence of layers, vessel thickness and the type of selected composites were the main factors that mainly affect the vessel burst pressure performance. Accordingly, the optimization in the vessel structure (composite fabric architecture) parameters plays an important role in the performance of burst pressure. This in turn will lead to a high vessel durability, longer life-time and better prediction of burst pressure. Furthermore, the study showed that the prediction of first ply failure is more important than burst pressure knowledge of pressure vessels because it gives an initial prediction of vessel failure before the final failure occurrence. This in turn, may prevent the catastrophic damage of vessel.
The Cooper-Harper rating of aircraft handling qualities has been adopted as a standard for measuring the performance of aircraft. In the present work, the tail plane design for satisfying longitudinal handling qualities has been investigated with different tail design for two flight conditions based on the Shomber and Gertsen method. Tail plane design is considered as the tail/wing area ratio. Parameters most affecting on the aircraft stability derivative is the tail/wing area ratio. The longitudinal handling qualities criteria were introduced in the mathematical contributions of stability derivative. This design technique has been applied to the Paris Jet; MS 760 Morane-Sualnier aircraft. The results show that when the tail/wing area ratio increases the aircraft stability derivative increases, the damping ratio and the natural frequency increases and the aircraft stability is improved. Three regions of flight conditions had been presented which are satisfactory, acceptable and unacceptable. The optimum tail/wing area ratio satisfying the longitudinal handling qualities and stability is (0.025KeywordsLongitudinal Handling---Stability---Tail Design
A gradual change in the state and properties of the oil transformer due to aging, which generally leads to break down. Aging of the mineral oil cause permanent harmful change of the ability insulation system. Aging of the mineral oil and water content of paper insulation are simulated at the laboratory by putting the samples of the oil and pieces of insulation paper in a rig (transformer manufactured) and exposed to different temperatures (20Co, 40Co, 60Co, 80Co) for specific durations of time to analysis and improve the performance of the transformer. In this research, the electrical and physical characteristics for the mineral oil and paper insulation have been studied and then repeated by the addition of different concentration of Nanoparticales (ZnO) (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07)gm/ml then compared with the electrical properties of the pure mineral oil and paper insulation without (ZnO) nanoparticales
RSM and DOEs approach were used to optimize parameters for hypoeutectic A356 Alloy. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted to identify the effects of process parameters on the performance characteristics in the inclined plate casting process of semisolid A356 alloy which are developed using the Response surface methodology (RSM) to explain the influences of two processing parameters (tilting angle and cooling length) on the performance characteristics of the Mean Particle Size (MPS) of α-Al solid phase and to obtain optimal level of the process parameters. The residuals for the particle size were found to be of significant effect on the response and the predicted regression model has extracted all available information from the experimental data. By applying regression analysis, a mathematical predictive model of the particle size was developed as a function of the inclined plate casting process parameters. In this study, the DOEs results indicated that the optimum setting was approx. (44) degree tilt angle and (42) cm cooling length with particle size (30.5) μm
An experimental study is achieved to study the thermal performance of forced unglazed solar air collector supplied with perforated absorber flat plate. The study is carried under Iraqi circumferences in Al-Ramadi city .The collector is inclined (90o) on horizontal for the simplicity of setting such type of collector on the wall building and minimize its weight. The measurement is recorded on Winter season for two sunny days and two cloudy days in (January 2012). The results show that its possible to use this type of collectors for heating in Winter time because the maximum out air temperature reach to (34oC) when ambient air temperature at (17oC) in sunny days. A good agreement is shown with the published studies Finally its obtained a good effectiveness for perforated flat plate absorber with high system efficiency.
A solar water heating system has been fabricated and tested to analyze the thermal performance of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) using twisted tape insert inside absorber tube with twisted ratio about TR=y/w=1.33. The performance of PTSC system was evaluated by using three main important indicators: water outlet temperature (Tout), useful energy and thermal efficiency (ηth) under the effect of mass flow rate (ṁ) ranges between 0.02 and 0.04 Kg/s with the corresponding of Reynolds number (Re) range (2000 to 4000). In a parallel, a fuzzy-logic model was proposed to predict the thermal efficiency (ηth) and Nusselt number (Nu) of PTSC depending on the experimental results. The fuzzy model consists of five input and two output parameters. The input parameters include: solar intensity (I), receiver temperature (Tr), water inlet temperature (Tin), water outlet temperature (Tout) and water mass flow ( ) while, the output include the thermal efficiency (ηth) and Nu. The final results indicate that, owing to the mixture of the swirling flow of the perforated twisted-tape insert, the perforated twist tape insert enhances the heat transfer characteristics and the thermal efficiency of the PTSC system. More specifically, the use of perforate twist tape inserts enhanced the thermal efficiency by 4% to 4.5% higher than smooth absorber tube. Also, the predicted values were found to be in close agreement with the experimental counterparts with accuracy of ~92 %. So, the suggested Fuzzy model system would have high validity and precision in forecasting the success of a PTSC system compared to that of the traditional model. Pace, versatility, and the use of expert knowledge for estimation relative to those of the traditional model are the advantages of this approach
The universal motor, versatile and capable of running on both AC and DC sources, is utilized in various household appliances and power tools. This paper presents a featured methodology for analyzing a universal motor (UM) that does not have design data by extracting it via reverse engineering. These gained data were used to model the motor by Maxwell program and analyzing it by finite element method (FEM). Adopting the Maxwell program's drawing capability to design the square-shaped stator of a universal motor not part of the program library will also enable the Maxwell program to be widely used and unrestricted to use with particular motor designs. After modeling and solving the motor model, the performance characteristics of UM when operated with alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power supplies were investigated. The UM simulation results were compared with test results with good agreement. The success of a proposed methodology paved the way for the analysis of any electric motor included in the Maxwell program, even if this motor does not have design data.
In the current article, an experimental investigation has been implemented of flow and heat transfer characteristics in a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) using both nano-fluids and artificial neural networks modeling. Water was used as a standard working fluid in order to compare with two different types of nano-fluid namely, nano-CuO /H2O and nano-TiO2/ H2O, both with a volume concentration of 0.02. The performance of the PTSC system was eval-uated using three main indicators: outlet water temperature, useful energy and thermal efficiency under the influence of mass flowrate ranging from 30 to 80 Lt/hr. In parallel, an artificial neural network (ANN) has been proposed to predict the thermal efficiency of PTSC depending on the experimental re-sults. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model consists of four inputs, one output parameter and two hidden layers, two neural network models (4-2-2-1) and (4-9-9-1) were built. The experimental results show that CuO/ H2O and TiO2/H2O have higher thermal performance than water. Overall, it was veri-fied that the maximum increase in thermal efficiency of TiO2/H2O and CuO/H2O compared to water was 7.12% and 19.2%, respectively. On the oth-er hand, the results of the model 4-9-9-1 of ANN provide a higher reliability and accuracy for predicting the Thermal efficiency than the model 4-2-2-1. The results revealed that the agreement in the thermal efficiency between the ANN analysis and the experimental results about of 91% and RMSE 3.951 for 4-9-9-1 and 86% and RMSE 5.278 for 4-2-21.
Recently, the investigations studies of simulating flow over spillways have increased using numerical models. Due to its important structure in the dams to pass flood wave to the downstream safely. Researches finding have shown that CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) models as the numerical method are a perfect alternative for laboratory tests. Performance analysis of the CFD platforms Ansys Fluent-2D and Flow-3D are presented, focus on finding the variations between the numerical results of the two programs to simulate the flow over ogee spillway. The present study treats the turbulence using RNG k-ε of RANS approach, and also use the Volume of Fluid (VOF) algorithm to track the water-air interaction. The Fluent-2D and Flow-3D accuracy are assessed by comparing representative flows variables (velocity; free surface profiles; pressure; and the turbulent kinetic energy). The results of both codes have been also compared with experimental data. The results of the analysis show an excellent agreement between the two platforms data, which could assist in the future by using both programs to calibrate each other, rather than traditionally relying on laboratory calibration models.
The extensive global competition between companies and the development of new industrial technologies have greatly contributed to the current competitive conditions Like industrial companies, customers demand high quality products, low prices and better performance. This fierce competition has led to concerns about improved product design. This development is based on GQFD. Model of this developed Water pump is employed by CAD solid model (version 7). In order to achieve competition and high quality and high performance in the Iraqi market. GQFD demonstrates the balance between product development and environmental protection. Used a water pump for a home air cooler as a case study. Data is collected and distributed using personal interview methods and questionnaire forms to indicate customer requirements. The data is then analyzed using Pareto chart and AHP to prioritize customer needs. These priorities are then placed in house of quality and matrix of relationships between customer requirements and technical characteristics is established. The product has been developed from electrical to mechanical, in addition to using accumulated, stored and recycled materials; it also saves 20% of energy, thereby combining energy reduction with the use of damaged materials and their re-entry into work. As a result, the cost of pump manufacturing will decrease
High performance thermal insulators industries is recognized as one of most significant industries worldwide. This, of course, due to its basic role in industries requiring elevated temperatures. Concerning this target, a former study was performed in production of a thermal insulator containing locally available kaolin taking into consideration the effect of ignition temperature and grain size on the general specifications of the insulator. The low alumina content in kaolin samples , as shown by analysis, has resulted in lowering both the softening and melting points. It is planned in this research to study the effect of soaking time and added alumina on improving physical, thermal and mechanical properties of kaolin sample. Certainly, better properties of sample will result in better performance towards thermal insulation and to be more effective in resisting elevated temperature without affecting other properties.
Hilla cities center of province Babil is one of the most important cities in Iraq 100 km (62 mi) south of Baghdad .its relate the Governorate Baghdad with Governorates south Al-Thawra signalized intersection is one of the most important intersections in AL-Hilla city Being a major crossing point to the governorates of holy Karbala and Baghdad.The excessive traffic volumes, during the peak periods (at morning and evening), of vehicles that entering the intersection increase traffic density, reduce travel speed, increase travel time, and increase the delay values This paper aims to assess the traffic performance of Al-thawra signalized intersection in Babil city that is consistent with the existing conditions and intersection's geometric properties. For all approaches, video recording has been used to collect traffic volume data. These data are taken out of videos from Babil police cameras (department of communications and information systems)..The intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SYNCHRO 10.0 software, and the best option was selected. The outcome of the evaluation process indicated that the intersection is operated at the level of service (LOS F) and with a control delay of 162.5 seconds.by recommending a variety of strategies, ranging from signal optimization to geometric enhancements. The suggestion of widening the pavement in the north-south direction was found to be the best solution. resulting in a decrease in vehicle delays from 162.2 seconds to 95.4 seconds and the level of service remains constant (LOS F) considered an acceptable and cost-effective solution to the intersection's problems.
Responding quickly and economically to the diversification of customer needs has forced manufacturing companies adopting approaches to delivering low cost, high quality sustainable products based on finding a link between the design or the manufacturing processes and other key elements of sustainability; economic, environmental, and social. However, these approaches had limited success. The most likely reason for the lack of integration between the design and manufacturing stages of the product and complexity of addressing the above mentioned three key elements of sustainability due to existing of many variables in relation to design, manufacturing, locations, logistic operations and so on. Taking into account the required integration as well as the associated complexity of considering sustainability elements can lead to large space alternative solutions and it is more difficult to use only exact methods to the optimization of such problem. This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) approach aiming to optimize a high sustainability performance by designing a product and the corresponding manufacturing processes for that product. Process optimization is carried out in terms of the highest fitness function achieved where different objectives are to be optimized simultaneously. The proposed GA approach is applied to the industrial case example. The proposed approach can assist decision makers to help explain when justifying their decision on what are the best product design and its manufacturing processes to obtain high sustainability performance.
In this paper, a proposed model based on phase matrix rotation was suggested to improve the performance of Multicarrier-Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) lies in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm under the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channel. This model is used to reduce the effect of multipath fading. The results extracted by a computer simulation for a single user, then it compared with the original technique for MC-CDMA based on FFT for both systems. As a result, it can be seen from the proposed technique that a high performance improvement was obtained over the conventional MC-CDMA, where the Bit Error Rate (BER) is widely reduced under different channel characteristics for frequency selective fading and the AWGN channel
Rising energy prices and growing environmental concerns are making solar electric systems more attractive to homeowners. A solar electric system reduces high energy costs and keeps your home up and running during power out-ages. The advantages to buying a solar electric system include: Saving a significant amount on your electric bill. Increasing your home’s appraisal value. Enjoying reliable, clean, free power for 25 to 30 years. Helping and assist to boost our economy by creating jobs and new solar companies. A solar electric system is typically made up of solar panels, an inverter, battery, charge controller, wiring, and support structure. The three most common types of solar electric systems are grid-connected, grid-connected with battery backup, and off-grid (stand-alone). This work presents design and analysis of high performance of home solar energy, that include: the orientation and pitch of the southernmost facing roof to maximize solar gain, the roof vents, chimneys, gables or other obstructions in order to sit to the north side of the planned array. Ensure that the roof structure is strong enough. Structural support into the roof to handle the weight of a rack-mounted system. The space for inverters and disconnects near the main service panel. Finally comparison between these systems with other sources of energy.
The antenna is a Modified Broadband Butterfly Antenna (MBBA). The technical parameters of such systems are heavily influenced by the qualities of the antenna feed devices. The aperture theory of antennas uses the representation of the radiation field of the antenna as a superposition of the fields of elementary sources, characterized by their type and amplitude-phase spatial distribution. The radiation field of an antenna of finite dimensions is a superposition of inhomogeneous spherical waves emitted by the antenna elements. This paper is primarily the study process, Radiation models were calculated using the model of the cavity plates, Simple Green model, and the strict commercial Electromagnetic Simulator. The modified active rectangular patches with the Gann diode were combined into arrays of E and H plane. Calculated and measured results for these two active arrays the beam scanning, the possibilities have been demonstrated for both arrays. The results of an electrodynamics numerical simulation were obtained. Broadband and multiband radio systems have already found widespread practical applications by utilizing basic antenna parameters and characteristics.
Pile foundations are typically employed when top-soil layers are unstable and incapable of bearing super-structural pressures. Accurately modeling pile behavior is crucial for ensuring optimal structural and serviceability performance. However, traditional methods such as pregnancy testing, while highly accurate, are expensive and time-consuming. Consequently, various approaches have been developed to predict load settlement behavior, including using artificial neural networks (ANNs). ANNs offer the advantage of accurately replicating substrate behavior's nonlinear and intricate relationship without requiring prior formulation.This research aims to employ artificial neural network (ANN) modeling techniques to simulate the load-settlement relationship of drilled piles. The primary aims of this study are threefold: firstly, to assess the effectiveness of the generated ANN model by comparing its results with experimental pile load test data; secondly, to establish a validation method for ANN models; and thirdly, to conduct a sensitivity analysis to identify the significant input factors that influence the model outputs. In addition, this study undertakes a comprehensive review of prior research on using artificial neural networks for predicting pile behavior. Evaluating efficiency measurement indicators demonstrates exceptional performance, particularly concerning the agreement between the predicted and measured pile settlement. The correlation coefficient (R) and coefficient of determination (R^2) indicate a strong correlation between the predicted and measured values, with values of 0.965 and 0.938, respectively. The root mean squared error (RMSE) is 0.051, indicating a small deviation between the predicted and actual values. The mean percentage error (MPE) is 11%, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 21.83%.
Minor component analysis (MCA) of lower dimensional data is related to many signal processing applications. MCA strives to extract the "minor" direction in the data space where the variance of the data is minimal, identify the way for dimension reduction and data compression. In this paper neural networks are used to estimate the minor component of signal. This component is used to determine the Direction of Arrival Estimation (DOA) of incident signals. These signals are considered to be emitted from their emission sources .The neural networks knowing “Hebbian-networks” are used to estimate the minor component directions from signal subspace. Narrow band signals are considered here and strike an array composed of M sensors. Simulation results are introduced to shown the performance of the adaptive neural networks to estimate signal components, a comparison of the results obtained from classical method and MCA method, is presented which shows the performance of MCA over classical methods, to estimate exact signal direction from noise subspace.
The cash flow forecasting is beneficial for the project in both the tender stage and during the project construction progress, where the contractors want to make sure that their planned cash funds is sufficient to cover any possible financial deficit of the project. This research aims to find out minimum fund needed for highway projects in Iraq required by the contractor to maintain the progress of work under some circumstances and effects of the shortage of fund, particularly in case of payment delay, in addition to the implication of the payment delay. Data from record files of 9 highway projects in Iraq, of the unit price type contracts. It was found that the minimum fund required is 20.944 percent of the contract value of three months delay . The minimum fund required for those projects is directly proportional to the time of payment delay. The minimum fund required for projects is represented in a linear equation as a function of payment delay time, such equation would help the contractor to estimate the future amount of minimum fund required for any delay in months. Interim profit is calculated for the purpose of comparison with the expected profit for the purpose of exploring the consequences in case exceedance. Because of the use of unit price contracts in the implementation of highway projects in Iraq, it did not cause the appearance that the contractor receives large profit at early stages of the project. The delay in payment leads to negative results, including the delay in the project, reduces the level of performance of the contractor which is negatively affects project, reduce the quality of implementation and, increased cost of the project in case of the contractor to claim compensation for the damage, as well as the occurrence of a difference in currency and inflation due to the time difference between the payment date and the actual date.
The convergence of cloud and edge computing in smart manufacturing offers significant potential for improving efficiency in Industry 4.0. However, task scheduling in this context remains a complex, multi-objective challenge. This study introduces a novel Cloud-Edge Smart Manufacturing Architecture (CESMA), leveraging a hybrid approach that integrates NSGA-II and the Improved Monarch Butterfly Optimization (IMBO) algorithms. The combination utilizes NSGA-II's global search and non-dominated solution capabilities with IMBO's fine-tuning and local optimization strengths to enhance task scheduling performance. Where CESMA combines the scalability and analytics power of cloud computing with edge-based real-time decision-making to address the dynamic demands of smart manufacturing. Through extensive simulations and experiments, the feasibility and effectiveness of CESMA are validated, showing improved task scheduling quality, resource utilization, and adaptability to changing conditions. This research establishes a robust platform for managing the complexities of task scheduling in cloud-edge environments, advancing intelligent manufacturing processes, and contributing to the integration of evolutionary algorithms for real-time industrial decision-making
Obesity is the excess of body weight relative to height above the desired level as a result of excessive increase in the ratio of body fat mass to lean mass. It causes many health problems due to its negative effects on body systems (cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, skin, endocrine system, genitourinary system) and psychosocial status. In this study is aimed to effective detection of the eating and physical condition-based obesity stages using machine learning algorithms. The dataset contains data for the estimation of obesity stages in individuals from Mexico, Peru, and Colombia and is available as open source. There are 2111 records and 17 attributes in the dataset. In the records, obesity stages were categorized as insufficient weight, normal weight, overweight level I, overweight level II, obesity type I, obesity type II and obesity type III. The 10-fold cross-validation method was used to validate the model and the performances of the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classification algorithms were compared. It has been determined that the highest performance among the algorithms whose performances are compared belongs to the RF Algorithm (95.78%). This paper’s abstract has been presented at the International Conference on Computational Mathematics and Engineering Sciences held in Ordu (Turkey), / 20-22 May. 2022.
sphalt is the most recycled materials around the world and the amount of RAP materials can be significantly increased with the application of good RAP management applications. In Iraq, the real inclusion of RAP materials in asphalt mixtures has not been applied yet in the field. It is therefore that there is a need to characterize the effect of inclusion RAP materials in asphalt mixtures with particular reference to permeant deformation/rutting resistance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the best layer of pavement structure; base, binder, and surface layers for inclusion (RAP) materials. In addition, highlight the best percentage that can be added from RAP to achieve positive results and better than that associated reference mixture in terms of rutting resistance. RAP materials collected from different sources Karbala and Fallujah, were adopted in this study at percentages of 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of the asphalt mixture. Two scenarios of incorporating RAP materials have been adopted. The first is considered that RAP as a black rock in which the effect of aged binder surrounding the aggregate of RAP is neglected while, the letter is not considered RAP as black rock and the influence of aged binder in RAP materials has been taken into consideration. Dora bitumen has adopted in the current study which is used in common in Iraq. It has been highlighted the best layer in which RAP can be incorporated is the base layer, with a percentage up to 40% that RAP without considering RAP black rocks regardless the sources of RAP.
This paper presents an analytical investigation which includes the use of three dimensional nonlinear finite elements to model the performance of the space trusses by using (ANSYS 11.0) computer program. The numerical results show very good agreement (100%) with experimental results, while the graphical option reflects the behavior of the structure under the applied loads because of the ability of this option to simulate the real behavior of the structure under these loads. Also finite element models of the space truss simulate the lateral deflection of the top chord members especially at the corners, and the twisting of the bottom chords.
The present research is devoted to solve the problem of high energy consumption by air conditioners in summer. In order to eliminate domestic electricity for cooling purposes and rely directly on solar energy isolated from the grid connection and increases the performance of the solar panel by using front water spray cooling system for the panel, and by using Adruino as controller to control the cooling system. The experimental system setup arranged in Iraq at Al-taje site during the summer season at a room. The proposed system consists of an array of photovoltaic, battery used to store power, PWM charge controller, and DC air cooler, Adruino. During the examination of the system, The enhancement of the solar panel has a positive effect on long-term batteries and improves the battery life by which the charge and discharge when combined with a direct photovoltaic air conditioning system without refrigeration. Excess power generated from the PV panels is storage in the batteries, which make the system is the most familiar with Iraq's summer conditions
The performance of the construction industry is regarded as one of the most significant variables in the global economic development success of nations. As a result, it requires focusing on strengths to enhance them and weaknesses to address them. This study aims to identify the key factors affecting the objectives of construction projects. To achieve the study aim, previous records and documents of two completed projects were studied carefully to identify problems that occurred and the impact of these problems on the project objectives. After that, an experts' interview was conducted to identify the key factors affecting the purposes of the construction project. The results of this study identified (33) key factors affecting the achievement of the construction project objectives, where the factor "The financial allocation for the project" was the most important, while the factor "Bad a health and safety plan in the project" was the least important.
WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network) technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 air interface standard suite, which provides the wireless technology for fixed and nomadic data access. WMAN employs orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and supports adaptive modulation and coding depending on the channel conditions. The objective of this paper is to study the performance of the IEEE 802.16d WMAN physical layer under Nakagami model as a Multi-path and frequency-selective fading channel beside the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Doppler. Finally, we compared it with the Rayleigh fading model. The transmission bit rate, Probability of Error ( ) and estimated SNR have been compared under single/multi path propagation conditions.
Prefabricated schools are educational structures of great significance and utility, especially given our country's current challenges. They expedite construction, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance educational activities with strong structural integrity and comfortable, flexible, and healthy design. A compelling comparison can be made with traditional concrete schools. With advancements in technology and information in engineering and the construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has emerged, playing a vital role in prefabricated concrete engineering through 3D modeling simulations.Numerous challenges are encountered, such as meeting client requirements, project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, stakeholder conflicts, labor shortages, safety concerns, increased change orders, material wastage, and project complexity. Developed countries utilize BIM to mitigate these challenges and profoundly improve the AEC industry's performance. BIM tools provide a comprehensive building visualization, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions that ensure efficiency, sustainability, and cost savings. These features motivate engineers and contractors to rely on them as essential engineering applications.This research involves modeling a school building in the Revit program, studying work flow between Revit and ETABS program, and conducting a dynamic analysis of the model from Revit. It also emphasizes the benefits of prefabricated construction and BIM technology, facilitated by Revit. The study emphasizes how important it is to visualize the building's actual form before beginning the design and decision-making processes.in summery, this study provides the possibility of growth and application in the industrialization of the construction industry and raise the project's overall quality. The development of tools and plugins programmed to reduce interoperability problems between various software packages allows for integrating all design activities.
Cosmetic surgery is more prevalent in the world in recent years. A beautiful and flawless face is everyone's dream. Aging, environmental factors, disease, or poor diet are among the factors that influence body wrinkles. Various methods are used to reduce these lines. It can be said that the simplest and most effective solution is to inject cosmetic fluids into these areas. But, due to the increase in facial injections using cosmetic fluids, which are considered toxins, the risk of injury to the surrounding facial nerves and injury to one of the main facial nerves is increasing, creating a catastrophe or deformation in the face irreversibly. Deep learning algorithms have been used to determine whether cosmetic fluids are injected or not. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), VGG16, ResNet....etc deep learning algorithms have demonstrated excellent performance in terms of object detection, picture classification, and semantic segmentation. all the suggested approach consists of three stages: feature extraction, training, and testing/validation. Deep learning technology is used to train and test the system with before and after photographs. Numerous investigations have been carried out using various deep learning algorithms and databases the main goal is to attain maximum accuracy to ensure that injected cosmetic fluids by specialists have been injected in safe areas in addition to facial recognition and determining whether or not the person received an injection. The most used databases are IIITD plastic surgery and HDA_Plastic surgery.
Thousands of tons of marble waste can be reused every year in Iraq. Few investigations are made to study the effect of marble as a filler on hot mix asphalt concrete.. This big amount of waste has a bad effect on the environment and needs a lot of money and effort for recycling or disposal. Lime stone dust was used as a control filler. The laboratory tests have been conducted in order to evaluate the properties of each type of filler, which consist of the grain size distribution, the specific gravity (Gs), specific surface area (SA), pore volume(PV), mineral composition, pH and chemical composition.To study the effect of SM on the performance of HMA mixture, several tests were made consist of Marshall stiffness, Indirect tensile strength, Moisture susceptibility and Creep tests. Many conclusions were achieved referring the importance of using Sulaimania Marble waste (SM) in the enhancing most of the properties of HMA concrete.
The White Cement Kiln Dust (WCKD) is a byproduct material, formed in cement factory during the operation of cement production. In highway construction, the WCKD can be used in different ways such as stabilizing the subgrade of highway embankment and as mineral filler in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA); the latter usage will give clean and healthy environment in addition to more economy. In Iraq, there are two common types of fillers, Portland cement and lime stone powder. In this research, WCKD taken from Fallujah cement plant used as mineral filler in addition to two common types. Various percentages , such as 100%WCKD, 50%WCKD + 50%Cement(C) ,100%C , 50%WCKD+50%Limestone (L), and 100% L, were used to prepare asphaltic concrete mixes. In general, five tests were used to evaluate the performance of these mixes. Standard Marshall Test procedure was applied under three different conditions, two of them at two temperatures at 60 OC and 70 OC and in the third one it was used to test samples immersed in water, at room temperature(24 OC), for four days. Indirect Tensile Strength Test (ITST) was used to evaluate conditioning and un-conditioning samples. All test results, when compared with controlled asphalt concrete sample (Sample contained 100% limestone as filler), were acceptable and within the AASHTO and Iraqi Standard Specifications of Roads & Bridges 2003. Stability values, at standard condition test, of samples containing 100% WCKD, 50%WCKD+50%C, and 50%WCKD+50%L are 11.9kN, 13.2kN, and 14.0kN respectively, while for controlled sample was 9.0kN. The Marshall stiffness values showed similar trends, for samples having 100% WCKD, 50%WCKD+50%C, and 50%WCKD+50%L giving 3.22kN/mm, 3.38kN/mm, 3.5kN/mm respectively but for controlled sample was 2.43 kN/mm. Same trends of results gained in ITST .The results showed the beneficial using of WCKD as filler that will conserve the environment and encourage the HMA producers to use this inexpensive material in their works.
In this paper, a proposed structure was suggested by replacing the blocks of the fast Haar Wavelet Transform (WT) with a two dimensional wavelet transform at the transmitter and the receiver sides in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) model. This can be done by converting a 1-Dimensional vector into a 2-Dimensional matrix and process it by 2-Dimensional Wavelet Transform (2D-WT). The proposed method was applied on the OFDM in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and flat fading channel. It was concluded that the proposed method gives much better Bit Error Rate (BER) performance than the conventional OFDM model based on WT. The simulation results showed that the proposd structure outperforms the other scheme in the carried tests at the AWGN and flat fading channels.
Indeed, there are many hydrology variables influence on the operating of dam and reservoir system. Thus, modelling of dam operation is a complicated issue due to the nonlinearity of such hydrological parameters. Hence, the identification of a modern model with a high capacity to cope with the operation of the dam is extremely important. The current research introduced good an optimization algorithm, namely Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find best operation rules. The main aim of the suggested algorithm is to minimize the difference between irrigation demand and water release value. The developed algorithm was applied to find operation rules for Timah Tasoh Dam, Malaysia. This research used significant evaluation indexes to examine the algorithms' performance. The results indicated that the GA method achieved low Vulnerability, high Resilience and Reliability. It has been demonstrated that the GA method will be a promising tool in dealing with the problem of dam operation.
Designing large structures like dams requires carefully selecting various geometric, hydraulic, and structural characteristics. The required structural design and performance criteria are considered when selecting these characteristics. In order to find the best solution, a variety of restrictions must simultaneously be carefully taken into account. This study presents an effective method for determining the optimal shape design for concrete buttress dams. The research was divided into two crucial phases. The dam's initial design and subsequent modeling were mostly done using DIANA FEA and traditional design and stability analysis. After that, a genetic algorithm was used on the MATLAB platform to control optimizing the dam's shape. Three design factors were used in this phase to alter the goal function and to reduce the amount of Concrete used, which decreased project costs. These variables covered three areas of the buttress's cross-section. Two important limitations were scrutinized during this optimization process: establishing a safety margin against overtopping and preventing sliding. The analysis included a detailed assessment of Shear friction stability to complete a thorough stability study. The optimization efforts had a spectacular result, resulting in a significant 52.365% reduction in the total volume of Concrete used, dropping from 19147.5 cubic meters to 9122.55 cubic meters. This decrease was made possible by reducing three distinct components (X1, X2, X3), with respective proportions of 37.5%, 13.33%, and 30%, including two segments related to the buttress and the final segment linked (slab) to the strip footing.
The concrete members several blessings over steel beam, like high resistance to prominent tem-perature, higher resistance to fatigue and buckling, high resistance to thermal shock, fire re-sistance, robust resistance against, and explosion. However there are some disadvantages as a result of exploitation totally different materials to product it. The most downside of structural concrete member is its deprived the strength to tensile stresses.The bond mechanism between steel bars and concrete is thought to be influenced by multiple parameters, like the strength of the encompassing media, the prevalence of cacophonous cracks within the concrete and therefore the yield stress of the reinforcement. However, properties of concrete mass has significantly effect when it was subjected to elevated temperature.The objective of this paper presents the results that allocating with the bond behavior of the rein-forcement of steel bar systems below static pull-out loading tests subjected to elevated tempera-tures. This numerical technique relies on relative slip and therefore the stress of bond distribu-tions done the embedded length and size of the bar within the concrete cylinder specimens. The obtained results square measure given and commented with the elemental characteristics of ferroconcrete members. The comparison showed smart agreement with experimental results
Using three-phase synchronous generators basic units in power plants, the main source for feeding alternating current. The electromagnetic force (e.m.f) given by these generators depend mainly on the number of pairs of poles in the Member excitement and speed of rotation cycles of the generator. Since the number of pairs of electrodes are part of the structural arrangement of generator will not change due to overload, but it will be the adoption of frequency only on the speed with which revolves where the generator. The power transformers are the heart's main power plants and power transmission and delivery to the consumer and based on the work of the converted electric depends on electromagnetic induction, so the performance of work directly related to the frequency in which they operate. It is through this research will be identified on the behavior of each of the born Synchronous and transferred electrical in the case of low frequency. This is done checks of laboratory and compared to examine the system simulation through the language of MATLAB has been done to change the frequency and noting the effect on each of the power factor, efficiency and organization of voltages for each of the converted and born Synchronous and show results in the form of charts.
Milling includes a variety of different tasks and tools, ranging from small individual pieces to large, powerful group processes. It is one of the most commonly used techniques for producing custom parts with exact tolerances. Surface roughness of machined parts has a significant impact on the finished item's quality, which may have an impact on its tolerance and performance. This paper studies the prediction of the values of surface roughness of low-carbon steel AISI 1015 in milling operations. Three different machining parameters with nine variable samples are selected to investigate the resultant surface roughness of the AISI 1015 low-carbon steel samples, including different spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut. The results revealed that the feed rate of 100 mm/min at a spindle speed of 930 rpm and a depth of 1.5 mm produced the lowest surface roughness (Ra) value of 1.170 µm, while the feed rate of 300 mm/min at a spindle speed of 1100 rpm produced the greatest surface roughness value of 2.605.
The city of Fallujah suffers from bad design in their network and it still dominated by the same pattern of the road and street network system that was produced by the previous stages of the development of the city, which is awaiting the necessary and appropriate solutions, which calls for planning to modernize the road network and streets in it that can accommodate the reality of the city’s condition and the proposed expansions for its subsequent urban growth. The transportation network in Fallujah city was chosen as a case study, the network was divided into roads and intersections, the evaluation included two main roads and eleven sectoral roads, eleven arterial roads, and twenty-five intersections. The network was evaluated in three stages, the first stage was traffic flow and service level, the second stage was evaluating the network in terms of road and intersections marking, while the third stage concerned with evaluating the network in terms of sustainability. The HCS 2010 program was applied to evaluate the first stage, while the second and third stages were evaluated based on the field survey. The results of the first stage showed that most parts of the network in the northern zone suffer from traffic problems and have a low level of service, while most parts of the network in the southern zone have a high service level and enjoy high traffic flow. Most parts of the network were suffered from bad marking, which causes many problems for the users of this network. Related to sustainability, we note a lack of interest on the part of designers or decision-makers. It was concluded that traffic solutions should be economically feasible for some parts of the network, which would lead to improving the network’s performance at the level of the three stages.
Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) has emerged recently as an efficient and powerful technique for the optimization of real parameters. The current study presents control scheme for electro-hydraulic actuator system which utilizes particle swarm optimization (PSO) for off-line tuning of the Fuzzy Proportional-Derivative (Fuzzy PD) controller. The gains and Membership Functions (MFs) tuned by PSOA which has been implemented depending on the performance indices: ITAE (Integral Time of Absolute Error), ISE (Integral Square of Error), and IAE (Integral Absolute of Error).
Productivity improvement in the manufacturing industry of piping is a key challenge facing manufacturers in today's competitive markets. Improving productivity in the pipe manufacturing companies by implementing manufacturing principles that utilize simulation modeling was the purpose of this study. To improve productivity, an approach that focuses on the workstations and workforces process was suggested. The suggested approach’s goal was to increase productivity by providing customer prerequisites and leaving some products for other customers in the store. Based on the data has been gathered from the company of steel pipes, Bansal Ispat Tubes Private Limited in India, a simulation model was utilized to enhance its performance of operational. The investigation methodology consists of a simulation model, acceptable distribution, and data investigation. By simulating individual workstations and evaluating all relevant processes according to the data collected, the simulation model was built. Actual employment data were gathered from the line of manufacturing and supervisory workers, with observations carried out throughout the process of manufacturing. The used method involves videotaping of the process and interviewing workers using a video-camera. The superior continuous distributions were picked to fulfill a convenient statistical model. The results could be helps to ameliorate the manufacturing industry productivity. Furthermore, the outcomes could assist to solve the problems of scheduling in pipe manufacturing "simulating and modeling" which reveals active ways in enhancing pipe manufacturing productivity. Consequently, the findings might support well competition among companies.
The aim of the present research is studying the efficiency and performance of Mosul Dam with respect of the seepage. It was depended on the dam field observations of years 2004, 2003 and 1990. These observations included a discharge measurements and chemical analysis of seepage water from three points at the downstream left side of the dam, and the chemical analysis of reservoir water. Also, the ground water levels of grouting gallery piezometers and opening piezometers at the downstream right side were measured. All these field observations were taken with every water level of the dam reservoir. The results concluded that the dam embankments being a good efficiency with respect the seepage, however, the efficiency of the dam foundation, which presented by the grout curtain, is in a good condition in most regions, except the region limited between section (68) and (70), where the efficiency of this region is equal to (19.5%), (23.07%) and (25.55%) in years 2004, 2003 and 1990 respectively. Also, the results indicated that some sections of the grout curtain , such as section (79), being with not agreeable efficiency in 1990, where Is equal to (45.97%). But according to a continuous and intensive grouting, the efficiency of this section increased and become (73.74%) and (73%) in 2003 and 2004 respectively
Diesel electrical generators are essential for providing reliable backup power during grid outages, ensuring the continuous operation of critical services such as hospitals, industries, and communication systems. These generators require instantaneous monitoring and control to optimize their performance and longevity. The Internet of Things facilitates efficient monitoring and enables remote control with a faster response time than human intervention, thereby helping to prevent potential damage or system failures. This research introduced the Internet of Things technology and its general architecture. The study first presented an abstract framework of IoT-based monitoring and controlling technology, divided into three layers: perception, network, and application. It then discussed the terminology related to electrical generators, the parameters monitored, and their operational environments. In addition, the advantages and challenges associated with integrating it with electrical generators were discussed. Finally, the research reviewed and analyzed several practical applications and case studies integrating IoT with diesel electrical generators, highlighting key challenges and proposing solutions. This work provided theoretical and practical insights into IoT-based monitoring and control systems for electrical generators.
Problematic soils, especially clayey soil, are problematic for engineering projects in their natural state because of clay's swell-shrinkage phenomenon. Numerous methods and stabilizer materials have been used to enhance clay's geotechnical properties and make them appropriate for construction. One of the significant methods of stabilization of problematic soil is using waste materials like waste glass, waste stone, waste plastic, etc. Due to the waste stone's consistency reducing water content and increasing the soil's strength, it has been employed in many civil engineering studies. Waste stone is available in various forms, including waste stone powder (WSP). WSP is produced by blasting tunnels or cutting huge stone blocks. Hence, the main aim of this study is to review the influence of WSP on improving the geotechnical properties of problematic soils treated with WSP, for this purpose, the treated problematic soils with various percentages of WSP are compared with natural soils. This study evaluates physical properties (i.e., Index properties, linear shrinkage/swelling, optimum moisture content, and maximum dry density) and mechanical properties (i.e., unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio). Also, the effect of WSP on decreasing the thickness of pavement layers was reviewed
Earthquakes are one of the most serious natural disasters affecting the stability and the durability of buildings, threatening the life of its occupants. These buildings should be withstanding earthquakes by both architectural and structural engineers. The Integration between structural and envelope system is negatively affected due to; the lack of architectural knowledge in earthquake resistance, and the absence of cooperation between architectural and structural engineers in earthquake resistant design. In this research the lack in the nature of the integrative relationship between the structural and envelope system of earthquake-resistant buildings design is presented. Also, he relationship between these systems, their patterns, and levels in the building to resist earthquakes are highlighted. Where the concept of integration, patterns and levels are verified, using inductive methodology (descriptive, and analytical) through election, analyzing of two different case studies. major result show that the performance pattern is the most common type of three other integration patterns. Also the envelope ,structural system response achieves an equal degree of response as both of them are integrated with each other without revoking one the role of other or affecting the optimal seismic resistance of buildings, and conclusion are presented further.
This research focuses on studying the speed flow density relationships which are considered the fundamental traffic flow relationships. The objective of the present study is to predict statistical models represent these relationships depending on a field survey data collected from Al-Thirthar road in Falluja city.Data were collected by using video-recording technique. The required data were abstracted, analyzed, grouped, and processed using computer programs developed for this purpose. Standard statistical analysis techniques were used to examine and analyze the observed data.FWASIM simulation traffic software program was used to verify the predicted traffic stream models, while the obtained results were presented in this research. To test the validity and reliability of the model, the output results of the predicated model were compared with the output data obtained from FWASIM model using similar input data and segment geometry. The comparison leads to consider that the developed regression model may be used to evaluate the performance of urban streets in Falluja city.
Recently, the sustainability issue has become crucial to operation, which motivates researchers to search for naturally generated, sustainable materials, especially in automotive applications outside of reduced prices and enhanced performance. Glass-linen/Polyvinyl Butyral hybrid composites' mechanical characteristics were examined in relation to the effect of linen fiber loading. The composite and hybrid composite samples of linen/glass fiber reinforced PVB film were created using a hot press with various layering patterns. The results were high impact values with increased both tensile and flexural strength values. Compared to other hybrid composites, the mechanical behaviors of the H1 (Glass / Linen) hybrid have a greater tensile strength measuring 401.30 MPa, while, H2 (Glass / Linen/ Glass) hybrids are found to have the highest flexural strength, measuring 160.80 MPa. An optical and scanning electron microscope morphological analysis on linen hybrid composites revealed good results. This indicated decreased rates of delamination between the fibers and matrix layers. The loading of the fibers was shown to have varying effects on the composite's mechanical behaviors. The linen/glass composites also demonstrated strong interfacial adhesion, which enabled the PVB-phenolic resin to penetrate the fiber bundles and produce a matrix with the good interlocking of the fibers
In this work, a new key exchange protocol for IP-based mobile networks is introduced. This protocol is called KEPSOM (Key Exchange Protocol Supporting Mobility and Multihoming). The goals of designing KEPSOM are to develop key exchange protocol proposal characterized by its secrecy, simplicity, efficiency, resistivity, and its ability to support mobility and multihoming. The protocol requires only two roundtrips. The design limits the private information revealed by the initiator. An old security association (SA) can be replaced with a new one by rekeying without the need of restarting the protocol with a new session. On the other hand, the changes in IP address due to mobility or multihoming need not to restart the protocol with a new SA session. The proposed protocol can also support key exchange in hybrid wireless network, in which the mobile node can operate in both Ad Hoc and Base Station-oriented wireless network environments using different transmission modes. KEPSOM has been analyzed and proven secure. Several tests have been done to measure and evaluate the performance of the protocol. In these tests, it is found that the required time for rekeying is about 27% of the total required time for exchanging the keys. And the required time to detect and update the change in IP address, which may occur due to mobility or multihoming, is less than 10% of the total required time to establish a new SA sessions.
The present paper addresses the numerical study of non-Darcy laminar forced convectionflows in a pipe partially filled with grooved metallic foam attached in the inner pipe wall,which is subjected to a constant heat flux. Computations are carried out for nine differentdimensions of grooves with different Reynolds numbers namely; (250 ≤ Re ≤ 2000) andtheir influences on the fluid flow and heat transfer are discussed. The governing and energyequations are solved using the finite volume method (FVM) with temperature-dependentwater properties. The novelty of this work is developing of a new design for the metallicfoam, which has not studied previously yet. It is observed that the two helical grooves withtwo pitches increase the Nu around 5.23% and decrease the pumping power nearly 12%. Itis also showed a reduction in the amount of material required for manufacturing the heatexchanger, which leads to a decline in the weight of the system 8.29%.
This work presents a compact reconfigurable antenna based on fractal geometry. The investigation discusses the challenges of lower antenna gain and bandwidth, critical for efficient data propagation in 5G systems, particularly for low-profile devices. Its goal is to develop a small, multiband antenna capable of operating in all current and future 5G bands and improve bandwidth and gain for mm-wave and sub-6 GHz applications. The proposed design covers the sub-6 band (2.8, 3.9, 4, 6.2) GHz and the mm-wave band (24.4, 27.1, 28.5, 29.3, 30.6, 33.9, 34.6, 35.2, 38.8, 44.4, 45.1, 59.7, 61.5, 62.3, 65.2, 67.4 and 69.5) GHz with S11 less than -10 dB. A maximum gain of 12.8 dB and a radiation efficiency of 94% are achieved. A partial ground plane with a 50 Ω feed line is used in this design. The antenna is printed on a Roger RT 5880 substrate with a relative dielectric constant 2.2 with a total dimension of 35×32.5×0.8 mm³. The proposed design is simulated using CST software, ensuring accurate calculations and performance evaluation.
Matrix converters (MCs) have attracted significant interest and found extensive applications across multiple industries owing to their desirable characteristics. These include the capability to produce sinusoidal currents at both input and output, substantial size reduction, and enhanced reliability by minimizing significant passive components. This paper explores the potential of MC technology as a viable alternative to conventional AC-DC-AC converters in industrial applications. It discusses recent advancements in MC structural configurations, modulation/control algorithms, and multiphase structures and control systems. The paper offers an in-depth review of modern industrial uses of MC technology. It also delves into different methods for managing induction motors, particularly the DTC (Direct Torque Control) approach. The study explores the intricacies of DTC and its relationship with SVM. The primary research objective is to examine the performance of an IM when operated with an SVPWM inverter, focusing on harmonic analysis of voltages and currents. Various PWM methods regulate the voltage and frequency supplied to the IM. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and SVPWM are the two most commonly used 3-phase Voltage Source Inverter strategies. The growing adoption of SVPWM is driven by its ability to reduce harmonic content in voltage and enhance the fundamental output voltage of the IM. Consequently, this study models a DTC-SVM theory-driven IM using MATLAB/SIMULINK to control the speed of induction motors. The following values were calculated for the system: Quality factor=2.236, Damping ratio=4.45, and the cut-off frequency (fc=355.88H).
This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams subjected to pure torsion. A verification procedure was performed on three specimens by finite element analysis using ANSYS software. The verification with the experimental work revealed a good agreement through the torque-rotation relationship, ultimate torque, rotation, and crack pattern. The studied parameters of strengthening by CFRP sheets included strengthening configurations and number of CFRP layers. The confinement configuration methods included full wrapping sheet around the beam, U-shaped sheet, ring strips spaced at either 65 or 130 mm, longitudinal strips at the top and bottom faces, U-shaped strips in addition to the number of layers variable. It was found that the performance of the beam for resisting a torsional force was improved by (33-49%) depending on the method of coating with CFRP sheets and the number of used layers. A change in the angle of twist, as well as the shape of the spread of cracks, was also noticed from the predicted results.
The field of image processing has several applications in our daily life. The image quality can be affected by a wide variety of deformations during image acquisition, transmission, compression, etc. Image compression is one of the applications where the quality of the image plays an important role since it can be used to evaluate the performance of various image compression techniques. Many image quality assessment metrics have been proposed. This paper proposes a new metric to assess the quality of compressed images. The principle idea of this metric is to estimate the amount of lost information during image compression process using three components: error magnitude, error location and error distribution. We denote this metric as MLD, which combines the objective assessment (error magnitude) and the subjective assessment (error location and error distribution). First, the metric is used to estimate the quality of compressed images using the JPEG algorithm as this is a standard lossy image compression technique. Then, the metric is used to estimate the quality of compressed images using other compression techniques. The results illustrate that the proposed quality metric is correlated with the subjective assessment better than other well-known objective quality metrics such as SSIM, MSE and PSNR. Moreover, using the proposed metric the JPEG2000 algorithm produces better quality results as compared to the JPEG algorithm especially for higher compression ratios
The increase in traffic volumes at intersections is one of the important problems that makes difficulties in the traffic movement then leads to traffic congestion in these facilities.The objective of the present study is improvement the traffic operation of the selected intersection (Al-Zeoat intersection) in Al-Ramadi city by analysis and evaluation this intersection and using accepted solutions to improve the traffic operation of Al-Zeoat intersection under local exist conditions and present a best proposal to enhance the performance at the intersection.To achieve these objectives, the traffic volumes data collection and geometric layout for Al-Zeoat intersection that required for the traffic and geometrical analysis were gathered manually, while SIDRA traffic program is used for the requirements of traffic analysis process.
Enhancing heat transfer, particularly through convection, is crucial in various industrial applications, driving ongoing interest in methods to improve heat transfer rates and the efficiency of heat transfer equipment. Ultrasound has emerged as an effective and reliable method for boosting convective heat transfer, primarily due to the unique phenomena it creates within irradiated fluids, such as sound cavitation and streaming. In heat exchanges, where forced heat convection is typically the primary technique, ultrasound has shown notable effectiveness by improving convective heat transfer and reducing fouling. This paper summarizes recent research on the application of ultrasound in both forced and free convection heat transfer systems, emphasizing studies published in the past decade. Previous research has demonstrated that the influence of ultrasound on heat transfer varies significantly between laminar and turbulent flows, necessitating thoughtful consideration in system design. While progress has been made, gaps remain in understanding the influence of flow rates across systems and the thermal enhancement provided by ultrasound in gaseous systems. Furthermore, most research is conducted in experimental settings, highlighting the need for increased studies to support industrial applications.
The enhancement of laminar forced convection inside helical pipes is studied numerically and compared with plain pipes. The study is achieved numerically using the (Fluent-CFD 6.3.26) software program for solving the governing equations. The heat transfer coefficient and friction coefficient are calculated using the enhancement technique and compared with the plain tube. In this research the factors that affect the enhancement technique using helical pipes are studied, these factors are the ratio of (pitch /pipe length) (SL), Reynolds number and the heat flux applied to the external surface of the pipe. The results showed that there is an increasing in the heat transfer coefficient is related to the decreasing of (SL), increasing of Reynolds number and heat flux. The performance of the helical pipes is evaluated depending on the calculation of (Enhancement ratio), and it’s found that the enhancement ratio increases as Reynolds number increases and (SL) decreases. It is found that the best enhancement ratio was (200%) at (SR=0.05), (Re=2000),(Heat flux=3000W/m2).The results are compared with the literature and there is a good agreement.
The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and numerical methods are used widely for modeling andpredict the performance of manufacturing technologies. In this paper, the influence of millingparameters (spindle speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/min) and tool diameter (mm)) on material removalrate were studied based on Taguchi design of experiments method using (L16) orthogonalarray with 3 factor and 4 levels and Neural Network technique with two hidden layers and neurons.The experimental data were tested with analysis of variance and artificial neural networkmodel has been proposed to predict the responses. Analysis of variance result shows that tooldiameters were the most significant factors that effect on material removal rate. The predictedresults show a good agreement between experimental and predicted values with mean squarederror equal to (0.000001), (0.00003025), (0.002601) and (0.006889) respectively, which produceflexibility to the manufacturing industries to select the best setting based on applications.
Traffic accidents and traffic delay have a negative impact on the mobility traffic flow due to their huge costs on the transport system. Thus one of the main primary aims for transport policy makers are reducing the negative effect of traffic accidents and traffic delay on the road network. In this study, fixed and random parameters Tobit models have been developed to model the accident rates from 20 intersections in Al-Karakh district in Baghdad City, Iraq. The safety significant of logarithm of annual average daily traffic, the percentage of heavy vehicles and the delay time for both major and minordirections for each intersection on the accident rates were evaluated. The main finding of this study shows that delay has an important effect on traffic accident rates of intersections. Regarding to the effect of other factors on traffic Accident rates, the result of the model shows that the logarithm of annual average daily flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles for both major and minor directions of the intersection are positively associated with more accident rates.
This paper study the effect of paving runway and atmospheric conditions on airplane takeoffdistance and time with roll stage and air stage. Two airplane types DC-9 and Boeing 747-400were considered for different atmospheric condition with different weight by using time stepintegration technique and Krenkel and Salzman assumed that the variation of thrust andvelocity create the balance of forces equations on the aircraft during its takeoff run. The airtemperature and airplane weight and runway paving are the most effected parameters ontakeoff time and distance. The runway paving consideration are very important for airportdesign and runway construction to minimums fuel consumption during takeoff