Some mechanical properties of mortar (compressive strength and hardness) with sawdust replacement of sand were investigated. Cubes of 50 mm × 50 mm were prepared, the compressive strength tests were done for a replacement levels ranging (5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75) % by volume a reference mix were also prepared for comparison this test was done after 7, 14, and 28 days while hardness test were done after 28 day for a replacement levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 25) % by volume. Result showed that the compressive strength of the specimen were decreased with higher sawdust content, hardness values were decreased slightly in the replacement levels 0, 5, 10 % while the values began to decrease noticeably in the replacement levels 15 and 25 % the hardness values were (59, 57.5, 56, 47.77 , 45.2) N/mm2 respectively A cost analysis was done, this analysis was based on a unit of mortar (1.0 m3) made from conventional materials and a modified concrete made by substituting materials with sand using sawdust
Earthquakes are one of the most serious natural disasters affecting the stability and the durability of buildings, threatening the life of its occupants. These buildings should be withstanding earthquakes by both architectural and structural engineers. The Integration between structural and envelope system is negatively affected due to; the lack of architectural knowledge in earthquake resistance, and the absence of cooperation between architectural and structural engineers in earthquake resistant design. In this research the lack in the nature of the integrative relationship between the structural and envelope system of earthquake-resistant buildings design is presented. Also, he relationship between these systems, their patterns, and levels in the building to resist earthquakes are highlighted. Where the concept of integration, patterns and levels are verified, using inductive methodology (descriptive, and analytical) through election, analyzing of two different case studies. major result show that the performance pattern is the most common type of three other integration patterns. Also the envelope ,structural system response achieves an equal degree of response as both of them are integrated with each other without revoking one the role of other or affecting the optimal seismic resistance of buildings, and conclusion are presented further.
This research focuses on studying the impact of different sources of wastewater, such as do-mestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. upon groundwater. The swamp of contaminated water collec-tion within the Al-Anbar University area was taken as a case study for this research. This swamp has a pond that works as a collection basin for different sources of wastewater mainly domestic waste coming from leakage of contaminated water from the septic-tank of the residential com-plex of students. This contaminated water will leak over time within the folds of soil due to per-meability and the effect of land attraction and reach the levels of groundwater.The presence of polluted water near groundwater is an environmental hazard and harmful because this leakage water has different diseases and germs, which could pose a danger to human health. Different samples of these sources were taken from different places at different times and some physical, chemical, and biological tests were then conducted. Wastewaters characterization was also investigated in this study to make an assessment for water quality and find out a proper treatment method. Data obtained from this study show different levels of pollutants, which could highly affect groundwater quality. A proper and advanced treatment method was also proposed in this study, depending on the wastewater characterization results. The purpose of this research is wastewater treatment using the physical method with coagulation and Flocculation processes with local coagulants to reduce pollutants impact on groundwater.The results showed the addi-tion of alum at 35 mg/l increased the removal efficiency by 80.7% at the settling time of 60 min, and the addition of 35 mg/l of the lime increased the removal efficiency by 63.9% at the same settling time.It has been proven that the use of alum is more effective than lime for sedimenta-tion suspended matter. The optimum dosage and settling time are 20 mg/l and 60 min respec-tively.
The present study was concerned with the analysis, simulation of the air flow pat-terns and thermal comfort levels in the University of Anbar at conferences hall (Ibn Al Haitham hall). The study was performed in a hot - dry season. The pur-pose of the present work was to investigate the level of thermal comfort and the influence of the air flow on the flow patterns at the conferences hall. It has been assumed that the total number of occupying audiences in the hall was approxi-mately 100 persons. The present work simulated and analyzed four hypothetical cases, namely: in the first case, the hall was assumed as an empty place, whereas the other three cases were performed by redistribution for the three units of air conditioning, the hall was assumed as a filled place with persons in September 2019. The study was accomplished using simulation techniques, a CFD code (FLUENT 6.2) v.17, which is commercially available. The CFD modelling tech-niques were applied to solve the continuity, momentum and the energy conserva-tion equations in addition to the Turbulence k-є (RNG) model equations for a tur-bulence closure model. Thermal comfort was assessed by finding the values of predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), and ASHRAE standard-55. In conclusion, the second case was the superior in compar-ison to these other cases. It was noted that the PMV value was 0.17, whereas the PPD value was 6.79 at the breathing level.
The aim of the present research is studying the efficiency and performance of Mosul Dam with respect of the seepage. It was depended on the dam field observations of years 2004, 2003 and 1990. These observations included a discharge measurements and chemical analysis of seepage water from three points at the downstream left side of the dam, and the chemical analysis of reservoir water. Also, the ground water levels of grouting gallery piezometers and opening piezometers at the downstream right side were measured. All these field observations were taken with every water level of the dam reservoir. The results concluded that the dam embankments being a good efficiency with respect the seepage, however, the efficiency of the dam foundation, which presented by the grout curtain, is in a good condition in most regions, except the region limited between section (68) and (70), where the efficiency of this region is equal to (19.5%), (23.07%) and (25.55%) in years 2004, 2003 and 1990 respectively. Also, the results indicated that some sections of the grout curtain , such as section (79), being with not agreeable efficiency in 1990, where Is equal to (45.97%). But according to a continuous and intensive grouting, the efficiency of this section increased and become (73.74%) and (73%) in 2003 and 2004 respectively
This study assessed the temporal and spatial water quality variability to reveal the characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. A total of 14 water quality parameters (water temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Alkanets (Alk), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity (Tur), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4), total suspended solids (TSS), sodium (Na), and potassium (k)) were analyzed Use of multivariate statistical methods in a total of three stations for the period 2016-2017. In this study was use a statistical approach to determine the water quality using the Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), Principal component analysis (PCA), and Factor Analysis (FA) were used to analyze the data. Main water pollutant sources were wastewater from agricultural drainage and industrial wastewater. Significant relationships recorded between the investigated parameters based on the results of PCI, at the 0.01 and 0.05 significance levels. Per the FA results, 77.1 % of the total variance explained by two factors.
The world is moving now to the energy of water to generate electric power and too much on several considerations, most important is that this energy is a clean and renewable energies as well as reasonably available. So we are going to create a small hydro power stations with limited power can be linked via the national grid or the completion of feeding limited areas to ease the load on the national network in addition to low cost of establishment and the costs of power processed. And now that we need t this specification at this stage and the availability of waterways and weirs in the governorate of AL-anbar has been building this research. We have in this search by selecting the barrage of Fallujah for the establishment of a hydroelectric plant it was a survey of geographical and engineering on the site of this barrage was recorded the water levels over the full year and found that the height of the water in which at least 3.5 meters, so the choice of equipment needed to build a hydroelectric plant with capacity of (140) KW aided with catalogues of well known international companies and accredited globally.
Agricultural, industrial, and household debris can be employed as biosorbents to extract heavy metals from water that has been contaminated. Kitchen waste includes, among other things, peels from promotional gates, lemons, avocados, apples, kiwis, watermelons, and onions. Moreover, coffee and tea grounds are considered to be household refuse. This review illustrates the scholarly investigations that explored the potential of various waste materials as adsorbents for wastewater treatment. An extensive array of experiments was conducted to determine the variables that influence the capacity of these materials to adsorb heavy metals. To undertake the experiments above, different concentrations of biosorbent were introduced into the effluent at various contact times and pH levels. The researchers investigated the effects of varying these parameters and found that the biosorbent's ability to adsorb heavy metals is directly proportional to these factors. The results and conclusion indicated that the impact of biosorbent concentration and contact duration on the pH of contaminated water was assessed. To encourage the incorporation of industrial, agricultural, and household refuse into water treatment processes rather than permitting it to accumulate as an environmental hazard.
One way of obtaining information about reliability of units is to accelerate their life by testing at higher levels of stress (such as increasing elevated temperatures or voltages). Predicting the lifetime of a unit at normal operating conditions based on data collected at accelerated conditions is a common objective of these tests. Different models of accelerated life testing are used for such extrapolations. Two statistical based models are widely used: parametric models which require a prior specified lifetime distribution, and nonparametric models that relax of the assumption of the life time distribution. The proportional odds model is a nonparametric model in accelerated life testing based on the odds function and show that it gives a more accurate reliability estimates than proportional hazard model. This paper will concentrate on the models of proportional odds nonparametric accelerated life test for reliability prediction.
The most common type of abrasive water jet is known as a valuable and advanced non-traditional machining operation due to its no heat-affected zone, best in removing material, very environmentally friendly, and no mechanical stresses. This paper gives an idea about Abrasive water jets in terms of applications, advantages, and limitations. Also illustrates the influence of the parameters on the material removal rate. The effect of feed rate, pressure, and stand-off distance were worked, at three levels for material removal rate (MRR) to machining Aluminium alloy type-5083 by using a tool consisting of a mixture of 70% water and 30% abrasives of red garnet. The distance of the standoff has the most significant impact on the rate of material removal, which is subsequently followed by the feed rate and finally the pressure. The findings demonstrated that the Taguchi model is capable of making accurate predictions regarding the machining reactions, with a rate of material removal of 93.3%.
Solar cells play a vital role in renewable energy systems, and ongoing research is dedicated to enhancing their power efficiency and longevity. Advancements in perovskite solar cells, particularly in power conversion efficiency (PCE), have shown significant progress, confirming its viability as a technology. Perovskite solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) levels of up to 25.5%, comparable to conventional photovoltaic technologies like silicon, gallium arsenide, and cadmium telluride. The substantial enhancement in power conversion efficiency figures over the last decade has shown a remarkable advancement in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells. This study examines the trajectory of perovskite solar cells in becoming economically feasible and generally embraced as a critical renewable energy technology. The advancement of flexible and wearable solar cells, together with miniature solar-powered sensors, has increased the efficiency of solar cell power production. Perovskite solar cells have shown a specific power of 23 W/g, much higher than traditional silicon or gallium arsenide solar cells. Further research is needed to address the challenges related to perovskite solar cells' stability and power conversion efficiency. Perovskite solar cells integrated with energy storage units have the potential to enhance the overall efficiency of the system. This study discusses an approach to improve the efficiency of novel solar cells, specifically focusing on lead-free tin-based perovskite solar cells and tandem solar cells. The advancement of technology in thin films, such as hybrid nanocomposite thin films and quantum dot-sensitive solar cells, has the potential to improve the efficiency of solar cells. The primary outcome of this study is derived from the following inference: incorporating plasmatic nanostructures into thermal energy systems will enhance their efficiency and sustainability by integrating solar energy.
The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and numerical methods are used widely for modeling andpredict the performance of manufacturing technologies. In this paper, the influence of millingparameters (spindle speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/min) and tool diameter (mm)) on material removalrate were studied based on Taguchi design of experiments method using (L16) orthogonalarray with 3 factor and 4 levels and Neural Network technique with two hidden layers and neurons.The experimental data were tested with analysis of variance and artificial neural networkmodel has been proposed to predict the responses. Analysis of variance result shows that tooldiameters were the most significant factors that effect on material removal rate. The predictedresults show a good agreement between experimental and predicted values with mean squarederror equal to (0.000001), (0.00003025), (0.002601) and (0.006889) respectively, which produceflexibility to the manufacturing industries to select the best setting based on applications.