This research investigates the impact resistace of reinforced high strength concrete slabs with steel meshes (BRC) modified by styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with different weight ratios of polymer to cement as follows: 3%, 5% and 7%. Reference mix was produced for comparison of results. For all selected mixes, cubes (100×100×100mm) were made for compressive strength test at (365) days. In conducting low-velocity impact test, method of repeated falling mass was used: 1400gm steel ball falling freely from height of 2400mm on reinforced panels of (50×50×800 mm) reinforced with one layer of (BRC). The number of blows causing first crack and final perforation (failure) were calculated, according to the former results, the energy of each case was found. Results showed an improvement in compressive strength of polymer modified high strength concrete (PMHSC) over reference mix; the maximum increase being of it were (3.93%-11.96%) at age of (365) days. There is significant improvement in low-velocity impact resistance of all polymer modified mixes over reference mix. Results illustrated that polymer modified mix of (3%) give the its higher impact resistance than others, the increase of its impact resistance at failure over reference mix was (154.76%) while, for polymer modified mix (5%) it was (30.95%) and it was (14.28%) for polymer modified mix of (7%).
Friction welding method is one of the most efficient and effective techniques for joining similar and dissimilar materials. The AISI 304 austenitic stainless-steel is a most common type of austenitic stainless steel which is used in various practical applications like automotive, food manufacturing, chemical applications, etc. Therefore, the impact strength and microstructure behavior of friction welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless-steel joints were investigated. The specimens were divided into two groups, the surface of the first group was flat while the interface of the second group was designed by fabricating a pin and hole. The effect of different forging pressure (192.4, 240.5, 288.6 and 384.8 MPa) on impact toughness and microstructure behavior of AISI 304 were examined using Charpy impact tester and optical microscope, respectively. The minimum impact strength was observed at 240.5 MPa for flat interface samples whereas, the maximum impact strength value (0.5675 J/mm2) was at 388.6 MPa forging pressure for pin interface samples. In addition, the ductile mode in pin type for all cases while both, brittle and ductile mode in the flat joint was noticed. Finally, it was concluded that the impact strength improved with designing a pin and hole shape at the joint interface.
The impact resistances of concrete slabs have a different volume fraction replacement of waste plastic aggregate has been examined in this study as a fine aggregate as: 0% (reference), 10%, 20% and 30%. These tests include the splitting tensile, density, compressive strength. Also, the (ultrasonic pulse velocity tests) was carried out. Repeated falling mass was used in order to carry out the low-velocity impact test in which a 1300 gm steel ball was utilized. From a height of 2400mm, the ball falls freely on concrete panels of (500×500×50 mm) with a network of waste plastic aggregate. As per the results, a prominent development was seen in the mechanical properties for mixes involving polyethylene aggregate up to 20% as compared to the reference mix. A significant development was seen in low-velocity impact resistance of all mixes involving waste plastic fine aggregate as compared to reference mix. As per the results, the greater impact resistance at failure is offered by the mix with (20%) waste plastic aggregate by volume of sand than others. The reference mix increased by (712.5%).
The present research aimed to study the effect of distilled water on impact strength for unsaturated polyester composites reinforced with E-glass fibers with volume fraction 35%, all samples were prepared by using hand lay up technique. Unsaturated polyester resin was used as matrix for the reinforced materials that consist of artificial glass fibers (woven roving) with directional (0,90) and chopped glass fibers with the random direction. The samples were cutting with measurement (60 x 6) mm and the sample thickness dependent on the number of layers of glass fibers. The impact tests are carried out on samples under the influence of normal conditions (laboratory temperature). The results and examinations for these samples shows acceptable improvement in impact strengths of the matrix was observed after addition of glass fibers, to explain the effect of water on impact properties, the samples immersion in water for (50) days. The results show that as the exposure time increased the impact strength of samples increase.
This paper presents the experimental results of composite slabs under static and impact loading. Total of six specimens classified one specimen test under static loading and the remaining five were tests under impact dynamic loading with different parameters as type of connections and degree of interaction of composite slab. Low - velocity impact test was adopted by select the falling mass (4 kg) made from steel material and formed as ball shape without nose. The ball dropped freely from height of (2.4 m) and strikes the top of composite slab. The designed dimensions of specimens is (500×500×60 mm) as reinforced concrete slab that reinforced by mesh of (RBC) and the steel plate is (3 mm) in thickness. Deflection due to first crack is recorded, number of blows caused first crack and failure were counted. The test results showed that the welded stud connectors gives high strength capacity and resistance under static and impact dynamic loadings than other than type of connections, also, full interaction as degree of interaction is better than others
A new technique is presented by which lateral outflows of material , from an oblique impact collision between wax projectile and a rigid surface , are collected to form a high speed single jet. This jet has been shown to be capable of producing cavities in semi-infinite target of wax in a manner similar to that produced in a hypervelocity impact situation. The produced jet capability of penetration is found to be maximum at higher velocities of impact , lower values of standoff and with projectiles having angle of obliquity in the range (â=20-25o). A preliminary theoretical model is also presented in an attempt to describe the process of jet creation and jet characteristics. The present technique is proved to be promising in simulating penetration of semi-infinite targets by the impact of high speed jet .
This research work includes production of polymer modified polystyrene concrete and studies the mechanical properties. Several proportions of raw materials were used to produce this type of concrete. This study is intended to improve the mechanical properties of light weight polystyrene concrete using styrene butadiene rubber(SBR) with rate of (5,10,15and20)% of cement weight. Compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength and dry density tests were made on more than 150 specimen at age of 28 days. The results show that the addition of (SBR) with range of (5-20)%of cement weight is improve the flexural strength with range (3.74-18)%, and improve the impact strength with range (39-163)%. Also the results show that it is possible to produce polystyrene concrete with density (1680,1433 and 1147) kg/m3 replacing light weight Polystyrene aggregate with volume fraction (30,50 and70)%of sand.
During the last years, several researches have been studying the final disposal of tyres wastes, due to the great volume generated worldwide, as well as the difficulty for discarding the disposal sites which become a serious environmental problem. In spite of this, recycling appears as the best solution for disposing tyres residues, due to its economical and ecological advantages. This research carried out to assess the feasibility of using crumb rubber (the product of shredding used rubber tyres) as a partial sand replacement in foamed concrete, and investigates the effect of it on some properties of foamed concrete such as, density, water absorption, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and impact resistance. Crumb rubber of tyres ranging from (0.7 to 5mm) in size was used in this research. Three proportioned mixes were designed in this research, have the same cement content, water-cement ratio, and foam content. The first mix represents a typical reference formulation of foamed concrete without crumb rubber (FC). In the others mixes (FCR-1 and FCR-2), respectively, 20 and 30% of volume of sand were replaced by crumb tyres rubber waste. Tests carried out to assess the behaviour of final product. The results obtained were demonstrated decreasing in foamed concrete strength (compressive, tensile, flexural, and impact) with the increasing of crumb tyres rubber content in the mixture and rubberized foamed concrete specimens (FCR-1 and FCR-2) show a cohesive behaviour than the specimens of reference mix (FC), especially in tensile strength. Comparing with the reference mix (FC), at an age of (28 days), the decreasing of compressive strength was (20.85%) for (FCR-1) and it for (FCR-2) was (37.76%).
This study aims to improve different properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete SCC containing treated and modified polyethylene terephthalate PET fibers. For this purpose, gamma ray surface treatment and geometric modification were utilized for the used PET fibers. Concrete fresh properties include slump flow, T500mm, L-box and sieve segregation while mechanical properties include compressive, split tensile strength, flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity and impact strength. Further, physical properties and related durability properties comprise dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity and water absorption. The results obtained demonstrated that the treatment and the modification used for the PET fibers slightly reduced the fresh properties of produced sustainable SCC (slump flow, T500 mm, L-Box and sieve segregation). However, they were within the limits of the SCC specification as reported in EFNERC guidelines. Further, concrete hardened properties in terms of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, impact strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, decrease in the dry density, decrease in porosity and water absorption increased significantly.
Milling includes a variety of different tasks and tools, ranging from small individual pieces to large, powerful group processes. It is one of the most commonly used techniques for producing custom parts with exact tolerances. Surface roughness of machined parts has a significant impact on the finished item's quality, which may have an impact on its tolerance and performance. This paper studies the prediction of the values of surface roughness of low-carbon steel AISI 1015 in milling operations. Three different machining parameters with nine variable samples are selected to investigate the resultant surface roughness of the AISI 1015 low-carbon steel samples, including different spindle speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut. The results revealed that the feed rate of 100 mm/min at a spindle speed of 930 rpm and a depth of 1.5 mm produced the lowest surface roughness (Ra) value of 1.170 µm, while the feed rate of 300 mm/min at a spindle speed of 1100 rpm produced the greatest surface roughness value of 2.605.
The quality of the built environment could highly impact our state of wellbeing, by affecting our stress and exposure within the building environment. Scientific studies linked stress to depression, diabetes, obesity, and cardiac disease. Hospitals considered as stressful places due to their inconvenient experiences. The theory of Salutogenic design aims to reduce stress through the implementation of an interdisciplinary design study to enhance the sense of coherence ( SOC) for any individual to be able to adapt himself to the overall life challenges. Salutogenic defines several factors which can affect an individual’s state of well-being in any space. This research limited on two of these design factors (daylight, colour) within three selected hospital through a critical methodology using a sample questionnaire of 15 questions headed to 90 from all three hospitals. the second part of the methodology using a Light-meter device for calculating the amount of Lux in actual hospital conditions, the third part of research methodology is a simulation program (Ecotect) to have an adequate daylight calculation in the wards of all three hospitals as well as the lighting distribution with (daylight factor) to evaluate the efficiency of wards in Erbil city. The last part of the study is by a field investigation by the researcher for the implementation of Salutogenic Colours. through a critical methodology approach.The research results shows that wards of three hospitals has a poor natural daylight to penetrate the building, and hospitals depends mainly on artificial light which causes uncomfortability and inconsitnecy in treatment process. Patients prefrences are twords new colours such as turquoise, palepink, and blue rather than the tradtional colours used in Erbil governmental hospitals. using light meter as assessment tool to compare between the Ecotec Lux measurement and the actual condition of lighting in hospital. The evaluation of three Wards within hospitals shows clearly the un sufficiency of natural lighting which leads to needing of artificial daylight. And might delay the process of recovery. Ecotect calculates the most suitable design condition in any city and finds other suitable orientations for buildings.
This study aims to investigate the impact of various construction methods on labor productivity in Iraq, focusing on traditional, prefabricated steel structures, precast concrete, and mechanical or self-build construction techniques. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing a structured survey distributed to 200 participants from different construction industry sectors, including engineers, contractors, and field workers. The survey examines key indicators of labor productivity, such as task completion speed, work quality, labor costs, safety, and project cost.The findings reveal significant differences in labor productivity across the construction methods. Traditional construction methods moderately impacted task completion speed and work quality but were less efficient in terms of cost reduction and safety. On the other hand, prefabricated and precast concrete methods demonstrated improvements in work quality, safety, and cost efficiency, although with some limitations regarding flexibility. Steel structures offered enhanced durability and faster construction times, while mechanical and self-build methods utilizing automation significantly reduced labor costs and accelerated the construction process.Based on these results, the study recommends incorporating modern construction methods, such as prefabricated and mechanical techniques, to improve overall productivity in the Iraqi construction sector. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of training and adapting to these advanced methods to ensure long-term efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness in construction projects.
Contemporary researches focused on studying the social effect on architecture from several sides which were distinguished by focusing on the role of mass in forming the architectural personality of that society from the perspective of symbolic side, and moved away from studying this role and its effect on architectural formation from other sides which are more comprehensive and specialized by adding another role that is the individual role from the base of the design influence, and this is what form the foundation and the real need for breakthrough research and quest to understand and view the appropriate comprehensive by studying utilitarian dimension of the relationship between the individual as a designer and the requirements of the group. This research aims to identify the general principles of the relationship of the individual designer group in the light of his understanding of the needs of Variation and their impact in creating a theoretical base for the case of expediency of that relationship and then focus on the study of Instant intellectual emotional bond between the thought of the individual (the designer), the Community and the impact of technology social where the status of the interaction between them and so in order to build a framework My perception is cognitive will be applied to the product of an architect team in order to extract and analyze the results of this application and to explore patterns verify the utilitarian formula of the relationship of the individual (the designer) the group with the introduction of the final conclusions and recommendations.
Concrete structures suffer from the impact of many harmful attacking materials that affect theproperties of the main material in them, which is concrete. These structures are also, exposedto the negative impact of many hostile environments such as soils containing harmful salts andharmful acids. A number of precautions should be considered in order to protect the concreteused in such structures. Adding polymer to concrete components as a percentages weight ofcement is one of the methods for producing polymer-modified concrete, which has lowpermeability, better mechanical properties and is more resistant to the negative effects ofharmful environmental factors. The utilization of polymers could help in protecting structuresand enhancing concrete strength. In this study, concrete mixes were prepared with inclusion ofstyrene butadiene rubber (SBR) polymer at four percentages (0%, 5%, 7% and 10% by cementweight). Co-polymers of butidine with styrene (styrene-butadine rubber (SBR)), are a group oflarge-volume synthetic rubbers. High adhesion occurs between the polymer films that formand cement hydrates. This action gives improves the properties of concrete such as flexuraland compressive strength and gives also a higher durability. The investigation was extended toevaluate the compressive strength of the SBR concrete mixes immersed in three types ofwaters: tap, drainage and ground water, at three different ages. The results showed that SBRpolymer enhanced the compressive strength of concrete significantly. A comparison betweenreduction in strength of concretes immersed in these three types of waters was also presented.Moreover, the presence of SBR polymer led to reduced loss in strength of concrete specimensimmersed in drainage and ground water. A proposed model to determine the compressivestrength of concrete specimens immersed in drainage and ground waters was deduced. Thismodel could be a helpful tool for rapid and easy estimation of the strength of concretespecimens immersed in drainage and ground water at different contents of SBR polymer. Theresults showed the highest improve in compressive strength to be associated with 7% SBRmixes at the three tested ages. The increases in this strength at days 7, 28 and 56 with inclusionof 7% SBR polymer were 112.8%, 113.9% and 116%, respectively, compared to OPC mix.
Transport is one of the most critical areas of urban life and an essential base for developing and developingsocieties. It is a crucial indicator of the progress and development of cities and their great benefits. It saves from themovement of people and goods and the prosperity of the economy-social, economic and environmental issuesglobally and what we are witnessing in recent times. However, despite the tremendous advancement in technology,it continues to face numerous challenges in developed and developing nations, including our own. The absorptionof the irrigated volume and any defect in the gradient causes many problems such as congestion, delays, trafficjams and the accompanying psychological, economic, social and environmental effects, energy consumption,depletion of natural resources and lifestyle. So transportation has become a concern. And it became a topic ofconcern that imposes the need to think about the preparation and development of the transportation system towardssustainability based on meeting transportation needs. In light of the negative impacts of the sustainable planningengineering dimension on the urban road network in Ramadi and for the Iraqi cities, we have thus attempted tostudy the effect of this project, given the critical impact on sustainable development and the approach used bythinking people and scholars in their studies and documents in Agenda 2030. Through evaluating the data from theresearch region, which comprised 27 Ramadi neighbourhoods, and applying them to the statistical analysis software(SPSS), it discovers that the schematic engineering dimension indicator represented by the hierarchy has direct anddecisive connection significance. The local road area index achieved the most substantial linear relationship,followed by the collective, secondary and major roads indicators. They reached a medium relationship to formulatea sustainable development system based on Ramadi and other Iraqi cities. A decision is making about sustainableurban engineering transportation. And take an approach with whatever is good for the state.
This research focuses on studying the impact of different sources of wastewater, such as do-mestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. upon groundwater. The swamp of contaminated water collec-tion within the Al-Anbar University area was taken as a case study for this research. This swamp has a pond that works as a collection basin for different sources of wastewater mainly domestic waste coming from leakage of contaminated water from the septic-tank of the residential com-plex of students. This contaminated water will leak over time within the folds of soil due to per-meability and the effect of land attraction and reach the levels of groundwater.The presence of polluted water near groundwater is an environmental hazard and harmful because this leakage water has different diseases and germs, which could pose a danger to human health. Different samples of these sources were taken from different places at different times and some physical, chemical, and biological tests were then conducted. Wastewaters characterization was also investigated in this study to make an assessment for water quality and find out a proper treatment method. Data obtained from this study show different levels of pollutants, which could highly affect groundwater quality. A proper and advanced treatment method was also proposed in this study, depending on the wastewater characterization results. The purpose of this research is wastewater treatment using the physical method with coagulation and Flocculation processes with local coagulants to reduce pollutants impact on groundwater.The results showed the addi-tion of alum at 35 mg/l increased the removal efficiency by 80.7% at the settling time of 60 min, and the addition of 35 mg/l of the lime increased the removal efficiency by 63.9% at the same settling time.It has been proven that the use of alum is more effective than lime for sedimenta-tion suspended matter. The optimum dosage and settling time are 20 mg/l and 60 min respec-tively.
In this paper, the effect of using the strengtheners on the stress and deflection under the effect of a certain weight falling on plates made of aluminum alloys (Al Mg3)has been studied. The study was carried on through two aspects; experimentally and theoretically; theoretically by using (F.E.M LS. DYNA) program. After comparing the theoretical aspect and experimental aspect, greatly- close results at point of contact were found out, as follows: When using one strengthener, the stresses reduce by (14 %) and the deflection by (70%) with comparison of without stiffener case .When using two strengtheners at the ends, stresses reduce (77%) and the deflection (65%) .When using two strengtheners 8 cm apart, stresses reduce (56 % ) and the deflection ( 18%) . When using two strengtheners 4 cm apart, stresses reduce (60 %) and the deflection (31%)
Water treatment sludge (WTS) is a byproduct generated during the treatment of wastewater. In recent years, researchers have explored the potential of using WTS as a soil stabilizer to improve the geotechnical properties of soils. In this review, we will examine the current state of knowledge on the use of WTS for this purpose. The organic matter content of WTS is usually high and can range from 30% to 60%. The high organic matter content makes WTS a potential source of nutrients for plants, and it can also enhance soil structure and water retention. Another important consideration is the environmental impact of using WTS. The use of WTS can be an eco-friendly alternative to chemical stabilizers, which can have adverse effects on the environment. However, there are concerns about the potential for heavy metal contamination in WTS. To mitigate this risk, it is recommended to conduct thorough testing of WTS before using it as a soil stabilizer. Finally, the use of WTS as a soil stabilizer has the potential to improve the geotechnical properties of soils. However, it is essential to consider factors such as the type and dosage of WTS, the soil type, and the environmental impact before using it. Further research is also needed to explore the potential of using WTS in different soil types and environmental conditions.
Free vibration analysis of a cracked cantilever beam with two types of additional substructure attachment is investigated using ANSYS program. The cantilever beam is used as a master structure with single substructure attachment in various locations (as 1-DOF mass attachment and 1-DOF mass-spring attachment) with influence of crack in different location and depths. The results for the changes of the natural frequencies of a cracked beam are compared with the results produced by Vahit et al [1]. So the same geometrical properties have been studied. In additional work a cracked beam carrying two types of substructure attachment are compared with the results of the beam without a crack and with multi crack depth. In all calculations the beam has a uniform cross-section and the crack was modeled by reduction in the modulus of the beam. The reducing effects of the cracked beam on the natural frequencies had been more apparent with the substructure attached to the beam in different situations. The effect of mass-spring substructure is larger than the effect of the attachment when modeled as mass substructure for the same mass, with 17% for the first natural frequency and 2% for the second and third natural frequencies. The results can be used to identify cracks in simple beam structure; cracks have a clearer decreasing impact on the natural frequencies.
The performance of the construction industry is regarded as one of the most significant variables in the global economic development success of nations. As a result, it requires focusing on strengths to enhance them and weaknesses to address them. This study aims to identify the key factors affecting the objectives of construction projects. To achieve the study aim, previous records and documents of two completed projects were studied carefully to identify problems that occurred and the impact of these problems on the project objectives. After that, an experts' interview was conducted to identify the key factors affecting the purposes of the construction project. The results of this study identified (33) key factors affecting the achievement of the construction project objectives, where the factor "The financial allocation for the project" was the most important, while the factor "Bad a health and safety plan in the project" was the least important.
This study aims to investigate the durability properties and microstructural changes of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as fibers and as fine aggregate replacement. This is after exposed to saline environment (Alkalies, Sulphates, and Chlorides). PET effect into two forms was also evaluated for routine rheological properties of SCC and mechanical strength before and after exposure to sulphate salt. Five proportions of each form of PET incorporation in SCC mixtures were utilized. The volume fractions considered for PET as fibers were (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25)% by volume, with aspect ratio of 28%, and (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10)% by volume for fine aggregate replacements. Results indicated that the inclusion of PET adversely affected fresh propertis especially high proportions of PET as fine aggregate. Alkali silica reaction (ASR) outcomes illustrated an enhancement in the mix containing PET fibers, while fine-PET mix was slightly enhanced. Magnesium sulphate reduced mass and compressive strength of all mixes in percentages ranging from (0.18-0.90) % for mass loss and from (0.47-55.13) % for compressive strength loss. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) increased due to the sulphate impact except for M0.5 and M10 which decreased in both tests. Chloride's theoretical and modelled results illustrated higher diffusion coefficients and lower surface chloride content of fiber-PET mixes as compared to fine-PET mixes. The predicted SCC cover depths for fiber-PET mixes were lower than those predicted for fine-PET mixes for 20 and 50 years of service life design.
Materials selection is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems because the large numberof factors affecting on decision making. The best choice of available material is critical to thecompetitiveness and success of the manufacturing organisation. The analytical hierarchy process(AHP) is an important tool to solve MCDM problems. The choosing process of suitable material(such as a refrigerant fluid) for the Air Condition System (ACS) is faced with challenges such aslack of a systematic approach in setting the optimal performance in terms of its impact on theenvironment and operation. Selecting process for the one refrigerant from a range suitable ofsuitable refrigerant is complex process. The study presents a comparative performance analysisof ACS for using four alternative refrigerants R290, R410, R404 and R22. Then, one of these suitablerefrigerant is selected. The comparison is based on three criteria system operation, environmentand maintenance.Novels ACS performance assessment model is proposed based on an analytical hierarchy process(AHP). The model is based on two main criteria of ACS, quantitative criteria, cooling capacity(CC), coefficient of performance (COP), etc.).And qualitative criteria (Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), Global Warming Potential (GWP) andmaintenance cost (MC)). It is necessary to look for new technique help decision making to selectalternative refrigerants, to fulfill the goals of the international protocols (Montreal and Kyoto)and optimum operation, to satisfy the growing worldwide demand, in addition the increase outdoortemperature in some countries.This study provides a developed methodology for evaluating ACS performance. Moreover, it helpsto select a robust decision. The results obtained from AHP process that the best rank of the suitablerefrigerant was R404 (0.3763) followed by R22 (0.3657) and so on for the other. Therefore,the proposed methodology can help the decision maker to select the best alternative for bothcriteria (qualitative and quantitative) in complex selecting process.
The Cooper-Harper rating of aircraft handling qualities has been adopted as a standard for measuring the performance of aircraft. In the present work, the tail plane design for satisfying longitudinal handling qualities has been investigated with different tail design for two flight conditions based on the Shomber and Gertsen method. Tail plane design is considered as the tail/wing area ratio. Parameters most affecting on the aircraft stability derivative is the tail/wing area ratio. The longitudinal handling qualities criteria were introduced in the mathematical contributions of stability derivative. This design technique has been applied to the Paris Jet; MS 760 Morane-Sualnier aircraft. The results show that when the tail/wing area ratio increases the aircraft stability derivative increases, the damping ratio and the natural frequency increases and the aircraft stability is improved. Three regions of flight conditions had been presented which are satisfactory, acceptable and unacceptable. The optimum tail/wing area ratio satisfying the longitudinal handling qualities and stability is (0.025KeywordsLongitudinal Handling---Stability---Tail Design
Approximately one-quarter of all automobile collisions in the United States are thought to be caused by a distracted or inattentive driver. As more wireless communication, entertainment, and driver assistance technologies become available in vehicles, the number of distracted driving accidents is projected to rise. Driver distraction is a major concern in North America, Europe, and Japan when it comes to road safety. The importance of driver distraction as a road safety concern, on the other hand, has just lately been recognized. This study presents an overview of current studies on in-vehicle driver distraction, with an emphasis on mobile phone usage, as this technol-ogy has garnered the most attention in the literature on driver distraction. The impact of in-vehicle gadgets on driving performance is discussed in this review. The adaptive techniques driv-ers use to maintain acceptable driving performance when distracted are discussed, as well as the situations under which these adaptive tactics can fail and how driving performance is harmed when they do. Legislation prohibiting drivers from using their cellphones while driving has had minimal effect, presumably due to a lack of regulation and enforcement. As potential preventive measures to decrease accidents caused by distracted drivers, behavior modification programs, enhanced vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been created.
Recently, the sustainability issue has become crucial to operation, which motivates researchers to search for naturally generated, sustainable materials, especially in automotive applications outside of reduced prices and enhanced performance. Glass-linen/Polyvinyl Butyral hybrid composites' mechanical characteristics were examined in relation to the effect of linen fiber loading. The composite and hybrid composite samples of linen/glass fiber reinforced PVB film were created using a hot press with various layering patterns. The results were high impact values with increased both tensile and flexural strength values. Compared to other hybrid composites, the mechanical behaviors of the H1 (Glass / Linen) hybrid have a greater tensile strength measuring 401.30 MPa, while, H2 (Glass / Linen/ Glass) hybrids are found to have the highest flexural strength, measuring 160.80 MPa. An optical and scanning electron microscope morphological analysis on linen hybrid composites revealed good results. This indicated decreased rates of delamination between the fibers and matrix layers. The loading of the fibers was shown to have varying effects on the composite's mechanical behaviors. The linen/glass composites also demonstrated strong interfacial adhesion, which enabled the PVB-phenolic resin to penetrate the fiber bundles and produce a matrix with the good interlocking of the fibers
Traffic accidents and traffic delay have a negative impact on the mobility traffic flow due to their huge costs on the transport system. Thus one of the main primary aims for transport policy makers are reducing the negative effect of traffic accidents and traffic delay on the road network. In this study, fixed and random parameters Tobit models have been developed to model the accident rates from 20 intersections in Al-Karakh district in Baghdad City, Iraq. The safety significant of logarithm of annual average daily traffic, the percentage of heavy vehicles and the delay time for both major and minordirections for each intersection on the accident rates were evaluated. The main finding of this study shows that delay has an important effect on traffic accident rates of intersections. Regarding to the effect of other factors on traffic Accident rates, the result of the model shows that the logarithm of annual average daily flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles for both major and minor directions of the intersection are positively associated with more accident rates.
Advanced prosthetics are a crucial aspect of rehabilitation technology and are receiving increased attention globally. Approximately 2 million people require prosthetic limbs, presenting opportunities for enhancing their quality of life. State-of-the-art technologies such as realistic arms and myoelectric prostheses are gaining popularity. Progress in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and materials has driven the field forward. Various types of controllers, including direct, pattern recognition, and proportional-derivative, have been developed. Integration of material science, computer science, artificial intelligence, and neurology has facilitated controller advancements. Techniques like targeted muscle reinnervation and Osseo integrated prostheses offer improved surgical options. Gesture recognition technologies and intelligent sensors are enhancing hand control. Future advancements will involve machine learning, artificial intelligence, and sensing techniques, while ethical concerns must be addressed. Advanced myoelectric prostheses, also known as myocontrolled or lower-limb micromod investigative prostheses, have a patient acceptance rate of 75% to 80%. However, while these methods offer advantages, there are also drawbacks. Integrating different types of controllers for these smart prostheses and enhancing the overall device's strength and robustness will have a significant impact. This discussion focuses on various types of smart prosthetic controllers, dividing muscle activity into extracellular myoelectric potential and EEG signals
Is the refrigerant of the important factors affecting the cutting process as the use of fluids and in different proportions with water used in the cutting process has a clear influence on both the roughness of the surface of the metal to be used and the age of many because of that importance was the use of neural networks to predict the impact of the proportion of mixtures of different and find the best rate of mixing terms of access to the best surface roughness and longer life for many
The most common type of abrasive water jet is known as a valuable and advanced non-traditional machining operation due to its no heat-affected zone, best in removing material, very environmentally friendly, and no mechanical stresses. This paper gives an idea about Abrasive water jets in terms of applications, advantages, and limitations. Also illustrates the influence of the parameters on the material removal rate. The effect of feed rate, pressure, and stand-off distance were worked, at three levels for material removal rate (MRR) to machining Aluminium alloy type-5083 by using a tool consisting of a mixture of 70% water and 30% abrasives of red garnet. The distance of the standoff has the most significant impact on the rate of material removal, which is subsequently followed by the feed rate and finally the pressure. The findings demonstrated that the Taguchi model is capable of making accurate predictions regarding the machining reactions, with a rate of material removal of 93.3%.
Deep mixing technology is used to improve the engineering properties of soil. In this review, previous studies on the properties and problems of weak soils were collected and explained, focusing on silty soils found globally and locally. The study also includes a discussion of physical and chemical improvement methods, specifically (cement columns). The advantages of deep mixing technology are also covered from an engineering and economic point of view, as well as its relationship to the environmental impact, as it is one of the sustainable development techniques due to its use of environmentally friendly materials. In addition, one of the objectives of this research is to study the methods of adding cement, whether in the form of powder (dry method) or mortar (wet method). A comparison was made between them to clarify the advantages and disadvantages. It was found that what distinguishes the use of the dry method from the wet method is that the former is more common. The method's effectiveness depends on the soil's moisture content, so the technique is ineffective in soils with less than 30% water content. As cement hydration produces a cementitious gel (CSH) that binds soil particles together, leading to early strength gain, pozzolanic reactions cause increased shear strength and decreased soil compressibility. Finally, some recommendations are included in this article to understand the behavior of cement columns in improving soil and avoiding problems
Silica particles are directly introduced into polyurethane resin with different grain size and different volume fractions to obtain a new composite. Hardness, impact strength (charpy) and compression properties were studied with the conditions mentioned; Acid solutions and UV- radiation were the main environments studied on the samples prepared. The results showed that the acid affected the properties more than UV- radiation
Density separation has many applications in metallurgy, medicine, clinical chemistry, microbiology, and agriculture. This study investigates the factors' effects on density separation in order to benefit from this technique. The separation quality depends on the velocity of particles because as the velocity of particles increases, the mean separation needs less time so it gives better separation, so the parameter effect on the value of the velocity is studied. These parameters were volume fractions, the diameter of the sphere, the density of the sphere, and the viscosity of the fluid. Each parameter was studied by calculating the velocity of particles using Stokes' law. The velocity of particles is directly proportional to some properties of particles. These properties are the diameter and density of a particle because as these properties increase, the mass of particles increases, which leads to increased kinetic energy, which increases turbulence. Turblance's velocity is increasing. The volume fraction of spheres is another property of particles' effects on density separation. This parameter is inversely proportional to velocity because a collision between particles increases, which decreases turbulence. Fluid properties also have an impact on density separation. This property is viscosity. Its effect deteriorates the efficiency of separation because viscosity is the resistance of the fluid to flow that serves to displace the particle, which leads to a reduction in the velocity of the particle. The maximum separation happens when the sink and float particles separate at the same time. That happens when the sink and float particles have the same velocity in the opposite direction. That means when the sum of velocities equals zero. In this research, the maximum separation was derived when the sum of velocities equaled zero.
In this research we have prepared a composite material by using Vegetative Cellulose Fibers of Cannabis (Cann F) to reinforced a matrix of Unsaturated Polyester (UP) resin. This kind of fibers is distinguished by good properties such as high tensile strength, low elongation, thermal resistance and low cost. The impact strength was tested by using Charpy method for three materials (UP resin), composite (UP / Cann F) and composite (UP/Glass F). The results indicated that the fracture energy (Uc) decreased as the notch depth (a) increased on the sample from (0.7 mm) up to (4.9 mm). However, the fracture energy increased as the temperature of the composite increased for different temperatures of (0, 35, 50 and 75) oC. It was noticed that the Material toughness (Gc) has been improved significantly, where in case of the composite (UP /Cann F), the improvement of (Gc) was from (2.45 kJ/m2 ) to (14.5 kJ/m2 ) and it was (17 kJ/m2 ) for composite (UP/GF) has been measured at (35) oC. When those composite materials (UP/Cann F) exposed to humidity for a period of (72 hrs) without immersion, their properties did not change, hence the effects are not of chemical but of physical nature. The conclusion, the difference between the toughness of the material (Gc) for the reinforced composites by Cannabis and E-glass fibers for all temperatures is not large, so this encourage the development of Cannabis fiber reinforced composites in the future to abundance, and low cost for industrial investment
Agricultural, industrial, and household debris can be employed as biosorbents to extract heavy metals from water that has been contaminated. Kitchen waste includes, among other things, peels from promotional gates, lemons, avocados, apples, kiwis, watermelons, and onions. Moreover, coffee and tea grounds are considered to be household refuse. This review illustrates the scholarly investigations that explored the potential of various waste materials as adsorbents for wastewater treatment. An extensive array of experiments was conducted to determine the variables that influence the capacity of these materials to adsorb heavy metals. To undertake the experiments above, different concentrations of biosorbent were introduced into the effluent at various contact times and pH levels. The researchers investigated the effects of varying these parameters and found that the biosorbent's ability to adsorb heavy metals is directly proportional to these factors. The results and conclusion indicated that the impact of biosorbent concentration and contact duration on the pH of contaminated water was assessed. To encourage the incorporation of industrial, agricultural, and household refuse into water treatment processes rather than permitting it to accumulate as an environmental hazard.
The promotion and activation of creativity in children is extremely valuable due to their age growth. All types of environments, such as geographical, social, physical, and cultural environments, have a huge impact on children's development. Many studies have discussed the role of the environment in general in the creativity and development of children. However, the effect of the physical environment specifically seems to be disregarded. Nowadays children spend a lot of their time in kindergarten, thus the physical environment of kindergarten affects the children's development and creativity. It is noticed that at the kindergartens of Erbil city, the majority of the factors that contribute to creativity have been disregarded. The kindergartens are more of an academic institution than a place where children can be entertained or encouraged to be creative. In this study, qualitative and quantitative methodologies are applied to analyze the interior spaces of kindergartens in Erbil city. This paper seeks to create a content environment that encourages children to improve their abilities and potential skills. The found results prove that the physical environment factors are effective and significant in increasing children's creativity in kindergartens.
Lean is a powerful process improvement strategy that is widely used to improve different processes. In this Paper, lean manufacturing as process improvement strategy is employed throughout relative tools and techniques as VSM, 5S, and standard work. These tools and techniques are employed to identify measure and evaluate processes. Job shop production of General Company for hydraulic industries, with focus on Damper and Tasks Factory (DTF) is tested as a case study for the two most customer demanded rear dampers of Samaned and Nissan. Data analysis shows different issues Work-In-Process (WIP) issues causing under/ over and production discrepancy. Improvements are introduced throughout WIP developments and 5S techniques. Results show that these developments may result in reduction of 65% WIP waiting time for Nissan and 58% of Samaned rear dampers. An increase in Overall Work Efficiency (OWE) could result in by 10% for Nissan, and 2% for Samaned dampers While 5S may result in improvements by 50% production processes and 43% assembly processes for Set in order , and by 33% in both production and assembly processes for standardize. Data where analyzed and further results are generated using software's are; Minitab Version 17, Quality Companion Version 3, and Edraw-Max Version 7.