The promotion and activation of creativity in children is extremely valuable due to their age growth. All types of environments, such as geographical, social, physical, and cultural environments, have a huge impact on children's development. Many studies have discussed the role of the environment in general in the creativity and development of children. However, the effect of the physical environment specifically seems to be disregarded. Nowadays children spend a lot of their time in kindergarten, thus the physical environment of kindergarten affects the children's development and creativity. It is noticed that at the kindergartens of Erbil city, the majority of the factors that contribute to creativity have been disregarded. The kindergartens are more of an academic institution than a place where children can be entertained or encouraged to be creative. In this study, qualitative and quantitative methodologies are applied to analyze the interior spaces of kindergartens in Erbil city. This paper seeks to create a content environment that encourages children to improve their abilities and potential skills. The found results prove that the physical environment factors are effective and significant in increasing children's creativity in kindergartens.
The quality of the built environment could highly impact our state of wellbeing, by affecting our stress and exposure within the building environment. Scientific studies linked stress to depression, diabetes, obesity, and cardiac disease. Hospitals considered as stressful places due to their inconvenient experiences. The theory of Salutogenic design aims to reduce stress through the implementation of an interdisciplinary design study to enhance the sense of coherence ( SOC) for any individual to be able to adapt himself to the overall life challenges. Salutogenic defines several factors which can affect an individual’s state of well-being in any space. This research limited on two of these design factors (daylight, colour) within three selected hospital through a critical methodology using a sample questionnaire of 15 questions headed to 90 from all three hospitals. the second part of the methodology using a Light-meter device for calculating the amount of Lux in actual hospital conditions, the third part of research methodology is a simulation program (Ecotect) to have an adequate daylight calculation in the wards of all three hospitals as well as the lighting distribution with (daylight factor) to evaluate the efficiency of wards in Erbil city. The last part of the study is by a field investigation by the researcher for the implementation of Salutogenic Colours. through a critical methodology approach.The research results shows that wards of three hospitals has a poor natural daylight to penetrate the building, and hospitals depends mainly on artificial light which causes uncomfortability and inconsitnecy in treatment process. Patients prefrences are twords new colours such as turquoise, palepink, and blue rather than the tradtional colours used in Erbil governmental hospitals. using light meter as assessment tool to compare between the Ecotec Lux measurement and the actual condition of lighting in hospital. The evaluation of three Wards within hospitals shows clearly the un sufficiency of natural lighting which leads to needing of artificial daylight. And might delay the process of recovery. Ecotect calculates the most suitable design condition in any city and finds other suitable orientations for buildings.
To create an architecture with a local identity, expresses its environment convenient with contemporary time, we need to examine the architectural traditions of the region and get interest from the results which produced by old architects to be suited with natural and social circumstances. Confusing ideas and non related modern architectural products in addition to the incorrect following to the modern movements, led to lose the local identity and to harden distinguish among different environments (general problem) then there's no closeness with those products and feeling estrangement from them because they forced to our Arabic environment, by copying known architectural compositions here & there in regions with civil and social values different entirely from the west. Generally some of new architects (practically) , and specifically our student (academically) concern with western Architecture more than Islamic Arabic architecture history (specific problem) then the research problem is :there is non _clarity of means which might be a common base and guide for our new Architects & students to create a local architecture harmonize with society & environment , therefore the main objective of the research is: to come out with clear image about these means & fix them in our student minds in architectural schools (for both of academically & practically fields ) Accordingly we have to return to our traditions and investigate their properties and use them in such a way suitable with needs of time and progressive technology. That doesn't mean we have to metaphor formal and external language but we have to analyses the traditions and derive the distinguished sides and using them in modern way to create new modern architecture with local identity.
In this study, silicon and yttrium were simultaneously co-deposited by diffusion into austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) substrates, by a single-step pack cementation process. Cyclic oxidation tests were conducted on the siliconized coating and on the yttrium doped siliconized coating of stainless steel in CO2 atmospheric pressure at temperatures 800° C and 900° C for 100h at 10h cyclic. The results show that the initial weight gain is rapid and increased as the temperature increased. The oxidation resistance of the yttrium doped siliconized of stainless steels was significantly improved as compared with the siliconized stainless steels. The scale formed on coated stainless steel after oxidation in CO2 environment was thick and consisted of Y2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3 and chromium oxide. Optical metallography (LOM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the resulting coating and cyclic oxidation structures.
Temperature distribution through asphalt and the underlying layer have been obtained numerically using finite element method where a varying induced heat from sun and environment cause fluctuating temperature distribution throughout .The maximum effect of these parameters on the temperature of the asphalt is expected in summer, so the temperature distribution was studied in the summer only. Some interesting results were found ; at tropical zone such as in Baghdad the asphalt surface temperature may reach (70 C ) and it is reduced with depth .Due to fluctuating environment heat effect, the subsequent temperature of the asphalt and the underlying layer may fluctuating with some delay and damping depending on the layers thermal properties , these result may be used later to predict both the erosion rate of car tiers and asphalt thickness, also the preserved energy using asphalt layer may be used to confined heat for further usage as in electrical generation.
The White Cement Kiln Dust (WCKD) is a byproduct material, formed in cement factory during the operation of cement production. In highway construction, the WCKD can be used in different ways such as stabilizing the subgrade of highway embankment and as mineral filler in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA); the latter usage will give clean and healthy environment in addition to more economy. In Iraq, there are two common types of fillers, Portland cement and lime stone powder. In this research, WCKD taken from Fallujah cement plant used as mineral filler in addition to two common types. Various percentages , such as 100%WCKD, 50%WCKD + 50%Cement(C) ,100%C , 50%WCKD+50%Limestone (L), and 100% L, were used to prepare asphaltic concrete mixes. In general, five tests were used to evaluate the performance of these mixes. Standard Marshall Test procedure was applied under three different conditions, two of them at two temperatures at 60 OC and 70 OC and in the third one it was used to test samples immersed in water, at room temperature(24 OC), for four days. Indirect Tensile Strength Test (ITST) was used to evaluate conditioning and un-conditioning samples. All test results, when compared with controlled asphalt concrete sample (Sample contained 100% limestone as filler), were acceptable and within the AASHTO and Iraqi Standard Specifications of Roads & Bridges 2003. Stability values, at standard condition test, of samples containing 100% WCKD, 50%WCKD+50%C, and 50%WCKD+50%L are 11.9kN, 13.2kN, and 14.0kN respectively, while for controlled sample was 9.0kN. The Marshall stiffness values showed similar trends, for samples having 100% WCKD, 50%WCKD+50%C, and 50%WCKD+50%L giving 3.22kN/mm, 3.38kN/mm, 3.5kN/mm respectively but for controlled sample was 2.43 kN/mm. Same trends of results gained in ITST .The results showed the beneficial using of WCKD as filler that will conserve the environment and encourage the HMA producers to use this inexpensive material in their works.
Water treatment sludge (WTS) is a byproduct generated during the treatment of wastewater. In recent years, researchers have explored the potential of using WTS as a soil stabilizer to improve the geotechnical properties of soils. In this review, we will examine the current state of knowledge on the use of WTS for this purpose. The organic matter content of WTS is usually high and can range from 30% to 60%. The high organic matter content makes WTS a potential source of nutrients for plants, and it can also enhance soil structure and water retention. Another important consideration is the environmental impact of using WTS. The use of WTS can be an eco-friendly alternative to chemical stabilizers, which can have adverse effects on the environment. However, there are concerns about the potential for heavy metal contamination in WTS. To mitigate this risk, it is recommended to conduct thorough testing of WTS before using it as a soil stabilizer. Finally, the use of WTS as a soil stabilizer has the potential to improve the geotechnical properties of soils. However, it is essential to consider factors such as the type and dosage of WTS, the soil type, and the environmental impact before using it. Further research is also needed to explore the potential of using WTS in different soil types and environmental conditions.
The published studies about the water quality of Euphrates River in Iraq till now have been reviewed critically. The revision of the published researches depend upon several bases including the period of samples collection, the number of sampling stations, water samples collection method, the analytical techniques employed to measure and analyze the results. This critical study concluded that the need to follow a specific protocol in selection sampling sites, how the samples are collected, how samples are analyzed, and pay attention to quality assurance and quality control during sample collection, preservation and analytical procedures.
This study aims to investigate the durability properties and microstructural changes of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as fibers and as fine aggregate replacement. This is after exposed to saline environment (Alkalies, Sulphates, and Chlorides). PET effect into two forms was also evaluated for routine rheological properties of SCC and mechanical strength before and after exposure to sulphate salt. Five proportions of each form of PET incorporation in SCC mixtures were utilized. The volume fractions considered for PET as fibers were (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25)% by volume, with aspect ratio of 28%, and (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10)% by volume for fine aggregate replacements. Results indicated that the inclusion of PET adversely affected fresh propertis especially high proportions of PET as fine aggregate. Alkali silica reaction (ASR) outcomes illustrated an enhancement in the mix containing PET fibers, while fine-PET mix was slightly enhanced. Magnesium sulphate reduced mass and compressive strength of all mixes in percentages ranging from (0.18-0.90) % for mass loss and from (0.47-55.13) % for compressive strength loss. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) increased due to the sulphate impact except for M0.5 and M10 which decreased in both tests. Chloride's theoretical and modelled results illustrated higher diffusion coefficients and lower surface chloride content of fiber-PET mixes as compared to fine-PET mixes. The predicted SCC cover depths for fiber-PET mixes were lower than those predicted for fine-PET mixes for 20 and 50 years of service life design.
The research is interested in the noise sources that occur inside the cities. That the human being are subjected inside there homes, the way it maybe transfer and the way to treat this problem and control it by achieving a good planning to the city before the construction starts. The architecture role appears when planning the cities by defining the best way to use the land for and find the practical balance between the noise pollution the land suffer from. And also to indicate the locations of the housing area. in addition to locate the external and internal noise sources and put successful solutions to treat and control it by planning and design. A housing area at AL-SAQLAWIA a city near AL-ANBAR TECHNICAL INSTITUT was studied by distributing a (100) questionnaires for the people living at this area to recognize their opinion about the noise sources inside and outside their homes and how far it affect their life to find a table with conclusion about this object which contain a comparison between the house location near the street and far a way the street and transfer the results into graphs to explain the relation between the noise sources and the percentage ratio for the opinions of the living people.
In this study , Silicon and Aluminum with and without cerium were simultaneously co-deposited by diffusion into austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) substrates, by a single-step packcementation process. Cyclic hot corrosion tests were conducted on coated and uncoated austenitic stainless steel alloy with 50wt.% NaCl+50wt.%Na2So4 deposits at 750C° for 120h at 10h cycle. The results show that the hot corrosion resistance of both coated stainless steels, was significantly improved as compared with the uncoated steels. The scale formed on coated stainless steel after oxidation in mixture environment was consisted of NiAl2O4, NiFe2O4 and NiCr2O4. Optical metallography (LOM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used to characterize the resulting coating and cyclic hot corrosion structures.
Scientists have recently started looking for new ecologically friendly and sustainable materials. Construction materials are among the numerous widely employed materials, and it is normally acknowledged that they have an apparent detrimental influence on the environment. Thus, the contribution of this paper is to describe the palm frond natural fibers' effect on concrete's mechanical characteristics. Since concrete is a brittle material, the goal of this research is to increase the tensile strength of concrete by using organic fibers (palm frond fibers), a waste product. In order to determine the ideal percentage of fibers, the following percentages were tested: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% by volume of concrete. On dry density, compressive strength, and tensile strength, the impacts of fibers were investigated. The density of concrete decreased with increasing fiber ratios. The compressive strength slightly decreased, while the splitting strength significantly improved. According to the results, the best amount of palm frond fibers that can be add to concrete is 0.75% by volume.
The Cooper-Harper rating of aircraft handling qualities has been adopted as a standard for measuring the performance of aircraft. In the present work, the tail plane design for satisfying longitudinal handling qualities has been investigated with different tail design for two flight conditions based on the Shomber and Gertsen method. Tail plane design is considered as the tail/wing area ratio. Parameters most affecting on the aircraft stability derivative is the tail/wing area ratio. The longitudinal handling qualities criteria were introduced in the mathematical contributions of stability derivative. This design technique has been applied to the Paris Jet; MS 760 Morane-Sualnier aircraft. The results show that when the tail/wing area ratio increases the aircraft stability derivative increases, the damping ratio and the natural frequency increases and the aircraft stability is improved. Three regions of flight conditions had been presented which are satisfactory, acceptable and unacceptable. The optimum tail/wing area ratio satisfying the longitudinal handling qualities and stability is (0.025KeywordsLongitudinal Handling---Stability---Tail Design
Thousands of tons of marble waste can be reused every year in Iraq. Few investigations are made to study the effect of marble as a filler on hot mix asphalt concrete.. This big amount of waste has a bad effect on the environment and needs a lot of money and effort for recycling or disposal. Lime stone dust was used as a control filler. The laboratory tests have been conducted in order to evaluate the properties of each type of filler, which consist of the grain size distribution, the specific gravity (Gs), specific surface area (SA), pore volume(PV), mineral composition, pH and chemical composition.To study the effect of SM on the performance of HMA mixture, several tests were made consist of Marshall stiffness, Indirect tensile strength, Moisture susceptibility and Creep tests. Many conclusions were achieved referring the importance of using Sulaimania Marble waste (SM) in the enhancing most of the properties of HMA concrete.
The construction of pavement layers on subgrade soil with good characteristics decreases the thickness of these layers, which in turn lowers the cost of building and maintaining roadways. However, it is impossible to avoid constructing pavements on unsuitable subgrade due to a number of limitations. Using conventional additives like lime and cement to improve subgrade properties results in additional costs. As a result, utilizing by-products (cement kiln dust and reclaimed asphalt pavement) in this field has benefits for the environment, economy, and technology. Large amounts of cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product material, are produced in Portland cement factories. On the other hand, large amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are accumulated as a result of the rehabilitation of old roads. This paper discusses using CKD and RAP to improve the characteristics of poor subgrade layers by conducting a series of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests on samples of natural soil and soil stabilized with different percentages of CKD and RAP with different curing times to investigate their impacts on soil properties. The curing was carried out by wrapping the stabilized samples with several layers of nylon and then placing them in plastic bags at room temperature. The compaction results illustrated that the addition of CKD increases OMC and decreases MDD, in contrast to RAP, which decreases OMC and increases MDD. The addition of CKD and RAP led to a significant and unexpected increase in the CBR values. The results show that the soaked and unsoaked CBR values improve from 3.4% and 12.1% for natural soil to 220.1% and 211%, respectively, after adding 20% CKD and curing the samples for 28 days. Also, the addition of 25% RAP to soil-20% CKD blend increased the soaked and unsoaked CBR values to 251% and 215%, respectively. All the additions resulted in a significant reduction in swelling.
Road network infrastructure is the key indicator of sustainable spatial development, as it affects the economy, environment, and society activities. These can be optimized through minimizing the time the vehicles take on the road, which in turn requires high connectivity and then high accessibility between the nodes of the road network. However, it is necessary to put a development strategy that helps the decision makers to produce relative high accessibility over the development time. In this paper, the vulnerabilities regarding the connectivity and spatial accessibility were pinpointed and analyzed, optimum priorities in sequent new linkages adding are made for developing a sustainable infrastructure with faster enhancement for the spatial accessibility. The results have become a tough guidance for decision makers, and can be adopted as a first step for legislating a strategy for sustainable transportation system
Experiments were carried out on natural convection heat transfer from longitudinal trapezoidal fins array heat sink subjected to the influence of orientation. A trapezoidal fins heat sink with various orientations tested under a controlled environment. Test results indicate that the sideward horizontal fin orientation yield the lowest heat transfer coefficient. However the sideward vertical fin orientation gave the best performance on the natural cooling. From the experiments Nu is determined as a function of Ra at Pr=0.7 for each orientation with Ra ranging between (1400 and 3900).From the results; Heat transfer coefficient of the sideward vertical fins is higher by (12%) than the heat transfer coefficient of the upward while it is higher than the heat transfer coefficient of the downward by (26%) and by (120%) with the sideward horizontal fins. Orientation affected the temperature distribution along the fins, therefore the temperature along the sideward vertical fins have the best performance with uniform distribution, while in sideward and downward the temperature increased in the positions near the base plate surface because of the complication in moving the heated air.
The reliability of water supply system is a critical factor in the development and the ongoing capability to succeed in life and people's health. Determining of its, with high certainty, for performance of water supply system is developed to ensure the sustainability of system. Reliability (Re) plays a great role in evaluation of system sustainability. The probability approaches have been used to evaluate the reliability problems of systems. The probability approach is failed to address the problems of reliability evaluation that comes by subjectivity, human inputs and lack of history data. This research proposed two models; I) traditional model: fuzzy reliability measure suggested by Duckstein and Shresthaand then developed by El-Baroudy; and II) developed model: fuzzy reliability-vulnerability model. The two models implemented and evaluation of water supply system by using two hypothetical systems (G and H). System (G) consists of a single pump and System (H) consists of a two parallel pumps. Triangular and trapezoidal membership functions (MFs) are used to investigate of the reliability measure to the form of the membership function. The results agree with expectations that the reliability of parallel component system {ReH (0.53)} is higher than the reliability of single component system {ReG (0.47)}. Moreover, the result by using fuzzy set reduces the effect of subjectively in process of decision-making (DM). The fuzzy reliability vulnerability is able to handle different fuzzy representations and different operation environment of system