The Cooper-Harper rating of aircraft handling qualities has been adopted as a standard for measuring the performance of aircraft. In the present work, the tail plane design for satisfying longitudinal handling qualities has been investigated with different tail design for two flight conditions based on the Shomber and Gertsen method. Tail plane design is considered as the tail/wing area ratio. Parameters most affecting on the aircraft stability derivative is the tail/wing area ratio. The longitudinal handling qualities criteria were introduced in the mathematical contributions of stability derivative. This design technique has been applied to the Paris Jet; MS 760 Morane-Sualnier aircraft. The results show that when the tail/wing area ratio increases the aircraft stability derivative increases, the damping ratio and the natural frequency increases and the aircraft stability is improved. Three regions of flight conditions had been presented which are satisfactory, acceptable and unacceptable. The optimum tail/wing area ratio satisfying the longitudinal handling qualities and stability is (0.025KeywordsLongitudinal Handling---Stability---Tail Design
Responding quickly and economically to the diversification of customer needs has forced manufacturing companies adopting approaches to delivering low cost, high quality sustainable products based on finding a link between the design or the manufacturing processes and other key elements of sustainability; economic, environmental, and social. However, these approaches had limited success. The most likely reason for the lack of integration between the design and manufacturing stages of the product and complexity of addressing the above mentioned three key elements of sustainability due to existing of many variables in relation to design, manufacturing, locations, logistic operations and so on. Taking into account the required integration as well as the associated complexity of considering sustainability elements can lead to large space alternative solutions and it is more difficult to use only exact methods to the optimization of such problem. This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) approach aiming to optimize a high sustainability performance by designing a product and the corresponding manufacturing processes for that product. Process optimization is carried out in terms of the highest fitness function achieved where different objectives are to be optimized simultaneously. The proposed GA approach is applied to the industrial case example. The proposed approach can assist decision makers to help explain when justifying their decision on what are the best product design and its manufacturing processes to obtain high sustainability performance.
Designing large structures like dams requires carefully selecting various geometric, hydraulic, and structural characteristics. The required structural design and performance criteria are considered when selecting these characteristics. In order to find the best solution, a variety of restrictions must simultaneously be carefully taken into account. This study presents an effective method for determining the optimal shape design for concrete buttress dams. The research was divided into two crucial phases. The dam's initial design and subsequent modeling were mostly done using DIANA FEA and traditional design and stability analysis. After that, a genetic algorithm was used on the MATLAB platform to control optimizing the dam's shape. Three design factors were used in this phase to alter the goal function and to reduce the amount of Concrete used, which decreased project costs. These variables covered three areas of the buttress's cross-section. Two important limitations were scrutinized during this optimization process: establishing a safety margin against overtopping and preventing sliding. The analysis included a detailed assessment of Shear friction stability to complete a thorough stability study. The optimization efforts had a spectacular result, resulting in a significant 52.365% reduction in the total volume of Concrete used, dropping from 19147.5 cubic meters to 9122.55 cubic meters. This decrease was made possible by reducing three distinct components (X1, X2, X3), with respective proportions of 37.5%, 13.33%, and 30%, including two segments related to the buttress and the final segment linked (slab) to the strip footing.
The quality of the built environment could highly impact our state of wellbeing, by affecting our stress and exposure within the building environment. Scientific studies linked stress to depression, diabetes, obesity, and cardiac disease. Hospitals considered as stressful places due to their inconvenient experiences. The theory of Salutogenic design aims to reduce stress through the implementation of an interdisciplinary design study to enhance the sense of coherence ( SOC) for any individual to be able to adapt himself to the overall life challenges. Salutogenic defines several factors which can affect an individual’s state of well-being in any space. This research limited on two of these design factors (daylight, colour) within three selected hospital through a critical methodology using a sample questionnaire of 15 questions headed to 90 from all three hospitals. the second part of the methodology using a Light-meter device for calculating the amount of Lux in actual hospital conditions, the third part of research methodology is a simulation program (Ecotect) to have an adequate daylight calculation in the wards of all three hospitals as well as the lighting distribution with (daylight factor) to evaluate the efficiency of wards in Erbil city. The last part of the study is by a field investigation by the researcher for the implementation of Salutogenic Colours. through a critical methodology approach.The research results shows that wards of three hospitals has a poor natural daylight to penetrate the building, and hospitals depends mainly on artificial light which causes uncomfortability and inconsitnecy in treatment process. Patients prefrences are twords new colours such as turquoise, palepink, and blue rather than the tradtional colours used in Erbil governmental hospitals. using light meter as assessment tool to compare between the Ecotec Lux measurement and the actual condition of lighting in hospital. The evaluation of three Wards within hospitals shows clearly the un sufficiency of natural lighting which leads to needing of artificial daylight. And might delay the process of recovery. Ecotect calculates the most suitable design condition in any city and finds other suitable orientations for buildings.
Earthquakes are one of the most serious natural disasters affecting the stability and the durability of buildings, threatening the life of its occupants. These buildings should be withstanding earthquakes by both architectural and structural engineers. The Integration between structural and envelope system is negatively affected due to; the lack of architectural knowledge in earthquake resistance, and the absence of cooperation between architectural and structural engineers in earthquake resistant design. In this research the lack in the nature of the integrative relationship between the structural and envelope system of earthquake-resistant buildings design is presented. Also, he relationship between these systems, their patterns, and levels in the building to resist earthquakes are highlighted. Where the concept of integration, patterns and levels are verified, using inductive methodology (descriptive, and analytical) through election, analyzing of two different case studies. major result show that the performance pattern is the most common type of three other integration patterns. Also the envelope ,structural system response achieves an equal degree of response as both of them are integrated with each other without revoking one the role of other or affecting the optimal seismic resistance of buildings, and conclusion are presented further.
Enhancing the hydrothermal performance of plate-fin microchannels heat sink (PFMCHS) promises smaller size and lighter weight, and then improve the heat removal in consequently increase the speed of electronic devices. In this numerical study, an innovative hydrothermal design of PFMCHS is suggested by inserting elliptic pins inside microchannels in different; aspect ratio (AR) of pin, pin number ratio (ψ) in order to optimize the hydrothermal design of this kind of heat sinks. The main objectives of this study are; investigating the effect of pins on the performance of PFMCHS by investigating the best geometry in the pinned-fin MCHS and which is higher, thermal or hydraulic performance of this kind of heat sinks and what is the optimal number of pins numerically and what about the pressure drop penalty in the proposed design, little, modest or high increase. It is seen that the thermal resistance of the pinned fin MCHS is about 50% lower, and pressure drop of it is much higher than that of the (PFMCHS) under the condition of equal wind velocity. Maximum mechanical fan power reduction obtained is about 57% for the pinned fin MCHS with ψ = 1 and Dh = 1 ×10-3 m compared to the corresponding original channel heat sink. To show the overall performance of the two parameters; aspect ratio (AR), pin number ratio (ψ), the overall JF factor is estimated and the concrete findings shows that the best hydrothermal performance is obtained at the greater aspect ratio which is around overall JF = 1.2. In addition, the trend of overall JF is going down with the pin number ratio, starting from 1.2 to 1.15. And the concrete findings show that pinned fin MCHS provides thermal performance of 1.42 times greater than the smooth one under the corresponding conditions when one pin is used in each channel
The universal motor, versatile and capable of running on both AC and DC sources, is utilized in various household appliances and power tools. This paper presents a featured methodology for analyzing a universal motor (UM) that does not have design data by extracting it via reverse engineering. These gained data were used to model the motor by Maxwell program and analyzing it by finite element method (FEM). Adopting the Maxwell program's drawing capability to design the square-shaped stator of a universal motor not part of the program library will also enable the Maxwell program to be widely used and unrestricted to use with particular motor designs. After modeling and solving the motor model, the performance characteristics of UM when operated with alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power supplies were investigated. The UM simulation results were compared with test results with good agreement. The success of a proposed methodology paved the way for the analysis of any electric motor included in the Maxwell program, even if this motor does not have design data.
Prefabricated schools are educational structures of great significance and utility, especially given our country's current challenges. They expedite construction, reduce environmental impacts, and enhance educational activities with strong structural integrity and comfortable, flexible, and healthy design. A compelling comparison can be made with traditional concrete schools. With advancements in technology and information in engineering and the construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has emerged, playing a vital role in prefabricated concrete engineering through 3D modeling simulations.Numerous challenges are encountered, such as meeting client requirements, project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, stakeholder conflicts, labor shortages, safety concerns, increased change orders, material wastage, and project complexity. Developed countries utilize BIM to mitigate these challenges and profoundly improve the AEC industry's performance. BIM tools provide a comprehensive building visualization, empowering stakeholders to make informed decisions that ensure efficiency, sustainability, and cost savings. These features motivate engineers and contractors to rely on them as essential engineering applications.This research involves modeling a school building in the Revit program, studying work flow between Revit and ETABS program, and conducting a dynamic analysis of the model from Revit. It also emphasizes the benefits of prefabricated construction and BIM technology, facilitated by Revit. The study emphasizes how important it is to visualize the building's actual form before beginning the design and decision-making processes.in summery, this study provides the possibility of growth and application in the industrialization of the construction industry and raise the project's overall quality. The development of tools and plugins programmed to reduce interoperability problems between various software packages allows for integrating all design activities.
The increasing price of fossil derivatives, global warming and energy market instabilities are a major problem. In recent years, these problems led to an increasing using of renewable energy sources such as wind energy. Wind turbine used to extract this energy from the wind to produce power or electricity. Due to low cost, easy for maintenance and it is, portability the most com-monly used among wind turbines is small axis wind turbine. Analysis to optimization power coef-ficient ( ) of a small wind turbine blade design model (Primus Wind power AIR 40 Wind Tur-bine 12VDC) are evaluated and discussed in this study. A shape of blade wind turbine is the pri-mery parapeter affected the power output of wind turbine. In this type of turbine NACA2411 used as the blade airfoil as represent shape of blade. For this goal, 185 different airfoils selected. For this purpose, using the XFOIL software to simulate the properties of each airfoil at Re (1.0*105, 1.5*105, 2.0*105, 2.5*105, 3.0*105 and 3.5*105) and angle of attack from 0˚ to 10˚, Then elimination criteria was performed for removing those airfoils would not suitable for the purpose up on their effiency. At the end of analysing Matlab software used for calculate the power coeffi-cient and selecting the best airfoils design for used manufacture anew blade for that type of small wind turbine with better power coefficient. The output of XFOIL and matlab software showed by tabulates and graphs. As a results show 3 airfoils were selected due to their performance better than other airfoils from an initial group of 185 as exemplification of the methodology namely S1210,SD7034 and S2091, The maximum that has been achieved by which used airfoil S1210 equal to 0.52 at Re 350000.
The main objective of this paper is to create a method for designing and studying the performance of a multistage axial flow compressor. A mathematical methodology based on aerothermodynamics is used to study the on /off design performance of the compressor. Performance curves are obtained by changing the performance parameters in terms of design parameters (diffusion factor, solidity, Mach number, and inlet flow angle). Results show the great effect of diffusion factor on increasing efficiency than that of solidity, also the effect of both (diffusion factor and solidity) in increasing the amount of compression and efficiency of the compressor. Higher efficiency was found at the mean line between the root and tip of the blade. Best lift to drag ratio is found at inlet flow angle of (55o).
This research presented a strategy for designing a particular set of surfaces, obtained by the technique of cross-sectional design. The surfaces considered were formed by sliding a Bezier curve (profile curve), and also this research describes an automatic procedure for selective identification of sampling points in reverse engineering applications using Coordinate Measurement Machine. In addition, Matlab program have been used in the present work so as to plot the curve sections of the surfaces using transformation matrices. UGS program have been also used to connect the sections that designed in Matlab program to get the final shape of the proposed surface. It can be concluded that the whole steps task which built in the present research can be programmed in a single block of the part program that’s from it can be create any curve or surface at minimum designing time.
This work presents a compact reconfigurable antenna based on fractal geometry. The investigation discusses the challenges of lower antenna gain and bandwidth, critical for efficient data propagation in 5G systems, particularly for low-profile devices. Its goal is to develop a small, multiband antenna capable of operating in all current and future 5G bands and improve bandwidth and gain for mm-wave and sub-6 GHz applications. The proposed design covers the sub-6 band (2.8, 3.9, 4, 6.2) GHz and the mm-wave band (24.4, 27.1, 28.5, 29.3, 30.6, 33.9, 34.6, 35.2, 38.8, 44.4, 45.1, 59.7, 61.5, 62.3, 65.2, 67.4 and 69.5) GHz with S11 less than -10 dB. A maximum gain of 12.8 dB and a radiation efficiency of 94% are achieved. A partial ground plane with a 50 Ω feed line is used in this design. The antenna is printed on a Roger RT 5880 substrate with a relative dielectric constant 2.2 with a total dimension of 35×32.5×0.8 mm³. The proposed design is simulated using CST software, ensuring accurate calculations and performance evaluation.
The nonlinear finite element analysis has become an important tool, for the structural design and assessment of prestressed reinforced concrete members. However, design and assessment of torsion are still done with simplified analytical or empirical design methods. This paper pre-sents results from a numerical analysis using the ANSYS finite element program to simulate a prestressed concrete beams subjected to static and cyclic torque. The eight- node brick ele-ments SOLID65 are used for the idealization of concrete while the reinforcements are idealized by using 3D spar element LINK8. The steel plates are idealized by using three dimensional solid elements SOLID45. The results showed that the general behavior of the finite element models represented by torque- twist angle relationships show good agreement with the experimental results from the Abdullah's beams.
The present paper addresses the numerical study of non-Darcy laminar forced convectionflows in a pipe partially filled with grooved metallic foam attached in the inner pipe wall,which is subjected to a constant heat flux. Computations are carried out for nine differentdimensions of grooves with different Reynolds numbers namely; (250 ≤ Re ≤ 2000) andtheir influences on the fluid flow and heat transfer are discussed. The governing and energyequations are solved using the finite volume method (FVM) with temperature-dependentwater properties. The novelty of this work is developing of a new design for the metallicfoam, which has not studied previously yet. It is observed that the two helical grooves withtwo pitches increase the Nu around 5.23% and decrease the pumping power nearly 12%. Itis also showed a reduction in the amount of material required for manufacturing the heatexchanger, which leads to a decline in the weight of the system 8.29%.
Recently our country is witnessed an implementation of many construction with high stories . thus , the accuracy of implementation and monitoring of survey works should be consider . in this paper quality control in survey works in AL-RAHMAN Mosque were studied as a case study . The magnitude and correlation of errors are importance to the design stage, measuring and adjustment development .in the design stage the study of errors is very important to provide us the basic chose of fingers , selection of instrument types, and proper procedures to get the specified accuracy , in the measuring sate the stud of errors is an important because it give us acceptation or rejection limitation in the site. In the adjustment operation the study of errors give us an increment in can riddance level the result of present paper indicated that there are conclusion and recommendation should be considered to accept or reject in future works.
The world is moving now to the energy of water to generate electric power and too much on several considerations, most important is that this energy is a clean and renewable energies as well as reasonably available. So we are going to create a small hydro power stations with limited power can be linked via the national grid or the completion of feeding limited areas to ease the load on the national network in addition to low cost of establishment and the costs of power processed. And now that we need t this specification at this stage and the availability of waterways and weirs in the governorate of AL-anbar has been building this research. We have in this search by selecting the barrage of Fallujah for the establishment of a hydroelectric plant it was a survey of geographical and engineering on the site of this barrage was recorded the water levels over the full year and found that the height of the water in which at least 3.5 meters, so the choice of equipment needed to build a hydroelectric plant with capacity of (140) KW aided with catalogues of well known international companies and accredited globally.
Ramadi city is suffering from severe flood problems during rainfall season as in many cities in developed countries. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to simulate storm sew-er network in the study area and depending on design rainfall intensity of 9.6 mm/hour. The rainfall intensity was proposed to increased by two to three times of the design intensity because of the absence of metrological stations in the study area to record rainfall intensity data of the rain storm. The intensity increasing by three times led to maximizing the flood risk by 43%. The proposed management to overcoming this problem is linking the collateral lines in Al-Andalus and Alhoz suburbs by additional pipes, this method reduces the percentage of flooding to 31%. Moreover, Economic Indicators (EI) were suggested to evaluate the cost of the network develop-ment. The area index ( ) which represents the total cost of the added pipes to the total area of the suburb, and the longitudinal index ( ), which represents the total cost of the added pipes to the length of the main pipe, the magnitudes of these indexes are 178 US dollar/hectare, and 57 US dollar/m respectively.
Rising energy prices and growing environmental concerns are making solar electric systems more attractive to homeowners. A solar electric system reduces high energy costs and keeps your home up and running during power out-ages. The advantages to buying a solar electric system include: Saving a significant amount on your electric bill. Increasing your home’s appraisal value. Enjoying reliable, clean, free power for 25 to 30 years. Helping and assist to boost our economy by creating jobs and new solar companies. A solar electric system is typically made up of solar panels, an inverter, battery, charge controller, wiring, and support structure. The three most common types of solar electric systems are grid-connected, grid-connected with battery backup, and off-grid (stand-alone). This work presents design and analysis of high performance of home solar energy, that include: the orientation and pitch of the southernmost facing roof to maximize solar gain, the roof vents, chimneys, gables or other obstructions in order to sit to the north side of the planned array. Ensure that the roof structure is strong enough. Structural support into the roof to handle the weight of a rack-mounted system. The space for inverters and disconnects near the main service panel. Finally comparison between these systems with other sources of energy.
The complete of the architectural space consider the most interested side in meanings and what it contain . it is the space where the basic stamp for the architecture formation achieved as the acoustic performance was one of the functional articles that belong to some architectural spaces style , the research choose two rooms belong to the institute used as auditorium to study its efficiency about the availability of some important acoustic indicators that should be available in such kind of auditoriums to achieve the connection between the engineering design and the acoustical design for the auditorium elements to reach the required performance for the room to give comfortable impression . the research see to study some of the following indicators :- 1. Reverberation Time. 2. Loudness. 3. intelligibility of Speech and Articulation.
The extensive global competition between companies and the development of new industrial technologies have greatly contributed to the current competitive conditions Like industrial companies, customers demand high quality products, low prices and better performance. This fierce competition has led to concerns about improved product design. This development is based on GQFD. Model of this developed Water pump is employed by CAD solid model (version 7). In order to achieve competition and high quality and high performance in the Iraqi market. GQFD demonstrates the balance between product development and environmental protection. Used a water pump for a home air cooler as a case study. Data is collected and distributed using personal interview methods and questionnaire forms to indicate customer requirements. The data is then analyzed using Pareto chart and AHP to prioritize customer needs. These priorities are then placed in house of quality and matrix of relationships between customer requirements and technical characteristics is established. The product has been developed from electrical to mechanical, in addition to using accumulated, stored and recycled materials; it also saves 20% of energy, thereby combining energy reduction with the use of damaged materials and their re-entry into work. As a result, the cost of pump manufacturing will decrease
The purposes of planning for housing and solve the housing problem of the most important topics in studies of housing also it is one of the topics broad and complex, and that the planned housing in accordance with the cost and social benefit is the solution to reduce the heights fantasy of the costs of housing. Also its negative effects on the process of housing where most of Iraq's society of the middle class is needed to adequate housing with income, especially if we consider that there is a deficit of housing dramatically in Iraq. Which is estimated at more than three million housing units and offset by a significant decrease in the rates of housing construction, also which are led to the worsening problem of housing in the country, especially those with low income, so it requires the parties responsible speed up the adoption of the strategy to solve the problem of housing in the country adopt the principle of the establishment of residential low-cost through the adoption of residential buildings, multistorey (3-4) stories as characterized by the buildings of the densities of housing appropriate of effective use with economic land and reduce the costs of housing to meet the large deficit and demand residentialdemand. In order to reach the desired goal has been studied and the reality of the housing in Ramadi in the, Ta'meem, 5 km and the 7 km areas and limited the problems of constraints related with planning housing also its components as well as access to some of the experiences of countries in planning, housing and solving the housing crisis within finding the alternatives to some traditional building materials with finding teams cost whenusingthesealternatives. Also supports research field study of three residential compounds, which aims at evaluating the appropriateness of such style housing and how to achieve social benefits and meet the standards of planning and design proposed in the scheme of public housing in Iraq which have been using the method (analysis of cost - benefit) for the trade-off to choose the best alternative of residential complexes three (and low cost, Ta'meem, the 7 km), which achieves less expensive and better utility.
This paper presents a method for controlling the speed of a DC motor that is energized individually by utilizing a DC-DC Buck converter that is fed from a DC source. It can be easily controlled with the help of different types of DC-DC converters. This project was introduced a study and analyses of the buck DC to DC converter with PID controller cascaded with DC motors which is simulated in MATLAB. The required speed of the DC motor can then be obtained by giving a variable regulated voltage to the armature of the DC motor. A controller of the proportional-integral type is utilized so that the user can adjust both the amount of current flowing through the DC motor as well as the rate at which it rotates. These controllers allow for a quick control response. In addition to that, this paper presents a Simulink model for a DC motor that was created with Matlab Simulink. The purpose behind the development of the current and speed controller was to achieve stable and high-speed control of the DC motor. The final step is the display of the simulation results for the proposed system, which show that they are consistent with the expected results. This paper shown the DC motors was able to reach the necessary speed within a few attempts; however, as the load rose, the settling time increased as well.
Heat exchangers are considered essential parts in many industrial applications. The construction process for heat exchangers is completely complex because accurate measurements of the penalty of pressure-drop and the rate of heat transfer are needed. Designing a compact heat exchanger with a high heat transfer rate, while utilizing the least amount of pumping power, is the main design challenge. The most recent investigations (including experimental results, numerical models, and analytical solutions) in the field of circular tube heat exchangers in general, and twisted tapes and wire coils in particular, are covered in this review article, which has more than 90 references. The enhancement techniques in heat exchangers tubes can generally be separated into three groups: active, passive, and hybrid (compound) approaches. This article reviews the literature on advancements made in passive enhancement approaches, with a specific focus on two types of passive promoters that employ twisted tapes and wire coils. The main contribution of this research is to highlight the behavior and structure of fluid flow and the heat transfer features for the twisted tapes and the wire coils. It also explains how these passive promoters can be used in circular tube heat exchangers to improve hydrothermal performance. Where, the installation of wire coils and twisted tapes considerably alters the flow pattern and aids in the improvement of heat transfer. Where, comprehending the behavior of fluid flow is crucial and contributes to the enhancement of heat transfer. Twisted tapes are less effective in turbulent flow than wire coils because they obstruct the flow, which results in a significant pressure reduction. When it comes to turbulent flow, the thermohydraulic performance of twisted tapes is lower to that of wire coils.
The scientific paper examined the possibility of developing an advanced healthcare management system in Iraq through the use of Cisco Packet Tracer software. The article stated that the aforementioned software has the potential to speed up network management operations and reduce expenses incurred in maintenance and repair activities. In addition, the article explained several challenges that may arise during the implementation of the smart hospital management system, including providing the required technical expertise, infrastructure provisions, and procedural measures necessary to protect the confidentiality of patient and employee information. The study confirmed that implementing an intelligent hospital management system in Iraq has the potential to improve healthcare quality, mitigate medical errors, enhance employee communication, and reduce disturbances within the hospital setting. Furthermore, this intervention is expected to enhance the efficiency of resource and inventory management and increase patients' experience and satisfaction with healthcare services. The article concludes that achieving the desired results in implementing a smart hospital management system using Cisco Packet Tracer software depends on the collaborative contributions of employees, managers, and technical professionals. This initiative is expected to enhance the hospital's ability to provide medical services of exceptional quality and effectively meet the diverse needs of patients.
Modeling and simulation are indispensable when dealing with complex engineering systems. It makes it possible to do essential assessment before systems are built, Cantilever, which help alleviate the need for expensive experiments and it can provide support in all stages of a project from conceptual design, through commissioning and operation. This study deals with intelligent techniques modeling method for nonlinear response of uniformly loaded paddle. Two Intelligent techniques had been used (Redial Base Function Neural Network and Support Vector Machine). Firstly, the stress distributions and the vertical displacements of the designed cantilevers were simulated using (ANSYS v12.1) a nonlinear finite element program, incremental stages of the nonlinear finite element analysis were generated by using 25 schemes of built paddle Cantilevers with different thickness and uniform distributed loads. The Paddle Cantilever model has 2 NN; NN1 has 5 input nodes representing the uniform distributed load and paddle size, length, width and thickness, 8 nodes at hidden layer and one output node representing the maximum deflection response and NN2 has inputs nodes representing maximum deflection and paddle size, length, width and thickness and one output representing sensitivity (∆R/R). The result shows that of the nonlinear response based upon SVM modeling better than RBFNN on basis of time, accuracy and robustness, particularly when both has same input and output data.
Satellites may provide data with various spectral and spatial resolutions. The spatial resolution of panchromatic (PAN) images is higher, but the spectral resolution of multispectral (MS) images is greater. There is Satellite sensors limitation for capturing an image with high spatial and spectral resolution, due to the hardware design of the sensors. Whereas many remote sensing, as well as GIS applications, need high spatial and spectral resolution. Image fusion merges images of different spectral and spatial resolutions based on a certain algorithm. It can be used to overcome the sensor's limitation and play an important role in the extraction of information. The standard image fusion approaches lose spatial information or distort spectral characteristics. Optimizations of fusion rules can overcome and degrade the distortions as the fusion core is the image fusion rules. In this paper, the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is used to find the optimal injection gain, as most distortions in image fusion are caused by the extraction and injection of spatial detail. Both qualitative and quantitative metrics were utilized to evaluate the quality of the merged image. The mentioned metrics that were used commonly for evaluation of image fusion results support the proposed algorithm for image fusion as the output image was qualitatively and quantitatively growth. In the future the proposed method can be updated by increasing the objective function dimensions to two or three for getting a best fused image.
These systems show great promise by converting waste heat from photovoltaic modules into additional electrical power. The study analyzes the performance and efficiency of the hybrid PV-TEG systems under varying conditions, such as different solar concentration ratios, cooling methods, and materials. While these innovations promise to improve system efficiency, the review also identifies several challenges, including increased thermal resistance, higher system costs, and the minimal temperature difference across the TEG, which significantly limits its performance. This limitation, where the temperature differential is often too small to be effectively harnessed, reduces the TEG's overall efficiency and hinders the integrated system's potential gains. The review underscores the need for urgent and extensive research to develop optimized design configurations, durable mathematical models, and further experimental validation to ensure the practical viability of these systems under diverse environmental conditions. Despite these challenges, the potential of PV-TEG systems to revolutionize solar energy technologies is undeniable.PV-TEG performance is intricately linked to environmental conditions: higher solar radiation boosts efficiency, but increased ambient temperatures reduce it. TEGs often hinder PV cooling, yielding minimal efficiency gains. Non-uniform heat and low-temperature differences across TEGs further decrease performance. While hybrids can improve power conversion, high costs limit feasibility. However, with strategies such as enhancing solar concentration, using effective cooling methods like water or nanofluids, and advanced materials like phase change materials, the efficiency and reliability of these systems can be significantly improved
The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and numerical methods are used widely for modeling andpredict the performance of manufacturing technologies. In this paper, the influence of millingparameters (spindle speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/min) and tool diameter (mm)) on material removalrate were studied based on Taguchi design of experiments method using (L16) orthogonalarray with 3 factor and 4 levels and Neural Network technique with two hidden layers and neurons.The experimental data were tested with analysis of variance and artificial neural networkmodel has been proposed to predict the responses. Analysis of variance result shows that tooldiameters were the most significant factors that effect on material removal rate. The predictedresults show a good agreement between experimental and predicted values with mean squarederror equal to (0.000001), (0.00003025), (0.002601) and (0.006889) respectively, which produceflexibility to the manufacturing industries to select the best setting based on applications.
Contemporary researches focused on studying the social effect on architecture from several sides which were distinguished by focusing on the role of mass in forming the architectural personality of that society from the perspective of symbolic side, and moved away from studying this role and its effect on architectural formation from other sides which are more comprehensive and specialized by adding another role that is the individual role from the base of the design influence, and this is what form the foundation and the real need for breakthrough research and quest to understand and view the appropriate comprehensive by studying utilitarian dimension of the relationship between the individual as a designer and the requirements of the group. This research aims to identify the general principles of the relationship of the individual designer group in the light of his understanding of the needs of Variation and their impact in creating a theoretical base for the case of expediency of that relationship and then focus on the study of Instant intellectual emotional bond between the thought of the individual (the designer), the Community and the impact of technology social where the status of the interaction between them and so in order to build a framework My perception is cognitive will be applied to the product of an architect team in order to extract and analyze the results of this application and to explore patterns verify the utilitarian formula of the relationship of the individual (the designer) the group with the introduction of the final conclusions and recommendations.
The city of Fallujah suffers from bad design in their network and it still dominated by the same pattern of the road and street network system that was produced by the previous stages of the development of the city, which is awaiting the necessary and appropriate solutions, which calls for planning to modernize the road network and streets in it that can accommodate the reality of the city’s condition and the proposed expansions for its subsequent urban growth. The transportation network in Fallujah city was chosen as a case study, the network was divided into roads and intersections, the evaluation included two main roads and eleven sectoral roads, eleven arterial roads, and twenty-five intersections. The network was evaluated in three stages, the first stage was traffic flow and service level, the second stage was evaluating the network in terms of road and intersections marking, while the third stage concerned with evaluating the network in terms of sustainability. The HCS 2010 program was applied to evaluate the first stage, while the second and third stages were evaluated based on the field survey. The results of the first stage showed that most parts of the network in the northern zone suffer from traffic problems and have a low level of service, while most parts of the network in the southern zone have a high service level and enjoy high traffic flow. Most parts of the network were suffered from bad marking, which causes many problems for the users of this network. Related to sustainability, we note a lack of interest on the part of designers or decision-makers. It was concluded that traffic solutions should be economically feasible for some parts of the network, which would lead to improving the network’s performance at the level of the three stages.
In this current experimental research, the amount of improvement in the thermal conductivity of HEC hybrid epoxy resins was studied by adding copper oxide nanoparticles CuONp and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as hybrid additives in different proportions to select the sample with the highest thermal conductivity value to include it in the design of the Flat Plate Solar Collector FPSC as Thermal Interface Material TIM reduces thermal resistance between the absorber plate and the tube. Four groups of samples were prepared using a mass balance with a sensitivity of 0.01g and a magnetic mixing device, then poured into cubic plastic molds to take the shape of the sample. The first group consists of one sample of pure epoxy to calibrate the thermal properties testing device through it. The second group consists of five samples of epoxy loaded with CNTs by weight (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10) %. The third group consists of five samples of epoxy loaded with CuONp with weight percentages of (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10) %. The fourth group consists of five samples of epoxy loaded with CuONp and CNTs combined in weight percentages of (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10) %. The thermal conductivity of the samples was measured experimentally using the hot disk analyzer technique to measure thermal specifications. After comparing the thermal conductivity values of the samples, the highest value was 1.57 W/mK for the HEC sample loaded with 10% CNTs, which represents 9.23 times higher than pure epoxy
This research project focused on examining and (rehabilitation) redesigning water networks in a city using the GIS-EPANET program in hydraulic network analysis. Due to the availability of outline data about the study area from the municipality's water distribution system (WDS), this study dealt with four cases. From a statistical calculation, the last case was best optimized, which resulted in a high pressure and an acceptable velocity as a result of high mean pressure (13.58) m, logical mean velocity (0.43) m/s, and accurate standard deviations of 1.214 and 0.48 for pressure and velocity, respectively. The study found that the network had a shortfall in pressure, estimated at 40%, due to the lack of expansion to accommodate the growing population. However, after conducting the analysis and identifying the problem, it was found that all regions were receiving adequate amounts of water. Nevertheless, the water speed in the pipelines throughout the network was deficient, below the recommended rate, with a minimum velocity of 0.02 m/s in the pipe (p3) but a minimum pressure of 7.02 m at the junction (607), indicating that the network design was ineffective. Comparing the results obtained with the real-world situation, it was discovered that the network has many violations and disruptions, causing water loss and resulting in low pressure reaching the customers. While the study found that the pressure inside the network was within acceptable modeling limits of (7–12) m, there was a reduction in the pressure charge due to the frequent use of water pumps inside the houses, especially as the circulated area was pumped further away. The error between the model and the real problem may be attributed to water leaks and disruptions from trees, gardens, landscaping, and livestock grazing, as well as the absence of a counter to calculate the water discharge volume to consumers
In this work, a new key exchange protocol for IP-based mobile networks is introduced. This protocol is called KEPSOM (Key Exchange Protocol Supporting Mobility and Multihoming). The goals of designing KEPSOM are to develop key exchange protocol proposal characterized by its secrecy, simplicity, efficiency, resistivity, and its ability to support mobility and multihoming. The protocol requires only two roundtrips. The design limits the private information revealed by the initiator. An old security association (SA) can be replaced with a new one by rekeying without the need of restarting the protocol with a new session. On the other hand, the changes in IP address due to mobility or multihoming need not to restart the protocol with a new SA session. The proposed protocol can also support key exchange in hybrid wireless network, in which the mobile node can operate in both Ad Hoc and Base Station-oriented wireless network environments using different transmission modes. KEPSOM has been analyzed and proven secure. Several tests have been done to measure and evaluate the performance of the protocol. In these tests, it is found that the required time for rekeying is about 27% of the total required time for exchanging the keys. And the required time to detect and update the change in IP address, which may occur due to mobility or multihoming, is less than 10% of the total required time to establish a new SA sessions.
RSM and DOEs approach were used to optimize parameters for hypoeutectic A356 Alloy. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was adopted to identify the effects of process parameters on the performance characteristics in the inclined plate casting process of semisolid A356 alloy which are developed using the Response surface methodology (RSM) to explain the influences of two processing parameters (tilting angle and cooling length) on the performance characteristics of the Mean Particle Size (MPS) of α-Al solid phase and to obtain optimal level of the process parameters. The residuals for the particle size were found to be of significant effect on the response and the predicted regression model has extracted all available information from the experimental data. By applying regression analysis, a mathematical predictive model of the particle size was developed as a function of the inclined plate casting process parameters. In this study, the DOEs results indicated that the optimum setting was approx. (44) degree tilt angle and (42) cm cooling length with particle size (30.5) μm
This search includes analysis of Fallujah water network that are fed from the old drinking water treatment station in Fallujah , which provides citizens in residential areas (AL-Jolan District, AL- Mu'tasim district, AL-Andalus district) by drinking water by using a program (EPANET) in the hydraulic network analysis .It was found their are lack in the required amount of water which estimated by about 20% due to oldness of the station and the lack of expansion by estimation the population growth the city. After input required the data in the analysis in got the results, it was noted that the three areas were getting the amount of required water, but the speed of water in the pipe network was very low and below the allowable limits (less than 1 m / s), this means that the design of the network has not takes into account the economic side and health status. The results were compared with the situated case and found a lack of water amount reaching the people as a result of trespasses and interruptions which occurring in the network, as well as the head pressure which reach the supply points fall within the permissible limits where ranging between (38-48 m) but the use of water pumps in homes lead to decrease the head pressure whenever the node far away from the drinking water station.
This study aims to investigate the durability properties and microstructural changes of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as fibers and as fine aggregate replacement. This is after exposed to saline environment (Alkalies, Sulphates, and Chlorides). PET effect into two forms was also evaluated for routine rheological properties of SCC and mechanical strength before and after exposure to sulphate salt. Five proportions of each form of PET incorporation in SCC mixtures were utilized. The volume fractions considered for PET as fibers were (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25)% by volume, with aspect ratio of 28%, and (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10)% by volume for fine aggregate replacements. Results indicated that the inclusion of PET adversely affected fresh propertis especially high proportions of PET as fine aggregate. Alkali silica reaction (ASR) outcomes illustrated an enhancement in the mix containing PET fibers, while fine-PET mix was slightly enhanced. Magnesium sulphate reduced mass and compressive strength of all mixes in percentages ranging from (0.18-0.90) % for mass loss and from (0.47-55.13) % for compressive strength loss. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) increased due to the sulphate impact except for M0.5 and M10 which decreased in both tests. Chloride's theoretical and modelled results illustrated higher diffusion coefficients and lower surface chloride content of fiber-PET mixes as compared to fine-PET mixes. The predicted SCC cover depths for fiber-PET mixes were lower than those predicted for fine-PET mixes for 20 and 50 years of service life design.
Enhancing heat transfer, particularly through convection, is crucial in various industrial applications, driving ongoing interest in methods to improve heat transfer rates and the efficiency of heat transfer equipment. Ultrasound has emerged as an effective and reliable method for boosting convective heat transfer, primarily due to the unique phenomena it creates within irradiated fluids, such as sound cavitation and streaming. In heat exchanges, where forced heat convection is typically the primary technique, ultrasound has shown notable effectiveness by improving convective heat transfer and reducing fouling. This paper summarizes recent research on the application of ultrasound in both forced and free convection heat transfer systems, emphasizing studies published in the past decade. Previous research has demonstrated that the influence of ultrasound on heat transfer varies significantly between laminar and turbulent flows, necessitating thoughtful consideration in system design. While progress has been made, gaps remain in understanding the influence of flow rates across systems and the thermal enhancement provided by ultrasound in gaseous systems. Furthermore, most research is conducted in experimental settings, highlighting the need for increased studies to support industrial applications.
Nowadays, renewable energy sources are becoming further utilized to produce electricity. Fuel cell (FC) is one of the encouraging renewable and sustainable power resources as a result of its high power density and extremely low release. This paper presents suggestion and implementation of FC power system. So as to design a greatly efficient FC power system, proper DC - DC and DC - AC converters are needed. Among the different types of DC - DC converters, Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) has been proposed as appropriate interface between FC and the next stage to transform the produced power energy (low voltage high current input into a high voltage low current output of the FC). 11-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Multilevel Converter (MLC) is proposed for converting the DC output of the IBC to AC voltage to feed the load. MLC is chosen because it has many attractive features like high voltage capability, smaller or even no output filter, low voltage stress on load. Simulation of the proposed FC power system has been performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK..
Friction welding method is one of the most efficient and effective techniques for joining similar and dissimilar materials. The AISI 304 austenitic stainless-steel is a most common type of austenitic stainless steel which is used in various practical applications like automotive, food manufacturing, chemical applications, etc. Therefore, the impact strength and microstructure behavior of friction welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless-steel joints were investigated. The specimens were divided into two groups, the surface of the first group was flat while the interface of the second group was designed by fabricating a pin and hole. The effect of different forging pressure (192.4, 240.5, 288.6 and 384.8 MPa) on impact toughness and microstructure behavior of AISI 304 were examined using Charpy impact tester and optical microscope, respectively. The minimum impact strength was observed at 240.5 MPa for flat interface samples whereas, the maximum impact strength value (0.5675 J/mm2) was at 388.6 MPa forging pressure for pin interface samples. In addition, the ductile mode in pin type for all cases while both, brittle and ductile mode in the flat joint was noticed. Finally, it was concluded that the impact strength improved with designing a pin and hole shape at the joint interface.
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is an electric motor works based on the reluctance torque produced due to the variation of the rotor pole position with respect to stator poles. This paper adopts a thermal analysis on a 4-phase, 8/6 pole, 550W, SRM. Lumped parameters thermal network method(LPTN) is used in this analysis based on a combination of RMXprt/Motor-CAD software, in two- dimensional(2D), steady-state, with different cooling methods, and with different loading conditions. Motor losses like core losses, copper losses, and mechanical losses are regarded as the heat sources in SRM which are calculated by RMXprt software. The thermal analysis achieved by Motor-CAD includes displaying the temperature distribution on different motor parts like stator winding, stator poles, stator yoke, rotor poles, rotor yoke, shaft, covers, and housing. The analysis results showed the increasing temperature distribution on different motor parts with increasing motor loading conditions. Also, this temperature distribution is recorded using three different cooling methods. The comprehensive thermal analysis applied in this work will assist the motor designer in choosing a better motor thermal design without needing to produce and test costly prototype motors.
The performance of electronic devices, especially computers, depends on the efficiency of the electronic chips and Computer processing units, which are mainly made of semiconductors, so their working efficiency is inversely proportional to their working temperature. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the design, implementation, and testing of three cooling systems to maintain the temperature of the processing unit as minimum as possible. The first is a traditional system dissipates heat from the working fluid to the air through a finned tube heat exchanger. The second successive hybrid system was designed to integrate with the first one in addition to a thermoelectric cooling system to cool the working fluid. The third system included in addition to the traditional heat dissipation one, an intercooler cylinder with a large quantity of the working fluid in the main system beside a separate system for cooling the working fluid using thermoelectric cooling to ensure sufficient cooling of the processing units when working at high frequencies by providing a large capacity of working fluid pre-cooled to a low temperature. Comparing the experimental results of the cooling systems with the traditional one under the same test conditions showed that the second system led to a reduction in the temperature of the processing unit by 5.2%, while employing the third system reduced the temperature to 11.3%., When the thermoelectric cooling unit operates at a performance factor of about 1.76.
The reducing of heat gain through the outer walls of the buildings in summer will contribute in reducing the air conditioning costs. This is one of the best features of design requirements nowadays. To achieve this, the phase change materials (PCM) can be used as an embedded material in the walls to reduce heat transfer. The paraffin wax is one of the common materials used as a PCM in the building walls. The paraffin wax is used in this study with (20%) volume percentage in the external layer of the treated wall. In the present work, the treated wall (with embedded wax in the wall) and non-treated walls have been experimentally investigated. Two Iraqi wall models were employed to run the experiments, whereby these models were exposed to an external heat source using (1000 W) projector for each model. The temperatures were recorded at different locations in the walls during the charging and discharging periods. The results showed that the temperature of the internal surface for the treated wall was lower than that of the non-treated wall at the end of the discharging period (6 hr) where the temperature difference between the treated and non-treated walls was reached (1.6℃).
The research is interested in the noise sources that occur inside the cities. That the human being are subjected inside there homes, the way it maybe transfer and the way to treat this problem and control it by achieving a good planning to the city before the construction starts. The architecture role appears when planning the cities by defining the best way to use the land for and find the practical balance between the noise pollution the land suffer from. And also to indicate the locations of the housing area. in addition to locate the external and internal noise sources and put successful solutions to treat and control it by planning and design. A housing area at AL-SAQLAWIA a city near AL-ANBAR TECHNICAL INSTITUT was studied by distributing a (100) questionnaires for the people living at this area to recognize their opinion about the noise sources inside and outside their homes and how far it affect their life to find a table with conclusion about this object which contain a comparison between the house location near the street and far a way the street and transfer the results into graphs to explain the relation between the noise sources and the percentage ratio for the opinions of the living people.
Designing an integrated communications system with efficient features is important to researchers and designers. This paper deals with a review of the most important technologies and applications that combine solar cells and communication systems such as Li-Fi technology and its principle of operation, which is a wireless system in which the optical signal is used as a carrier signal as an alternative to the traditional radio frequencies used in Wi-Fi networks, where Li-Fi relies on LED to transmit data, and at high speeds that exceed Wi-Fi technology. Solar Power Satellite (SPS) technology where the satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit in the equatorial plane. As well as the application of photovoltaic solar cells in the SOLPLANT planar antenna, and the replacement of the radiating element of the antenna with a solar cell. The solar cell can transmit and receive electromagnetic signals as well as generate direct current and can be used as antennas either as a single solar cell or group cells and has wide applications in wireless, mobile, Bluetooth and satellite systems. The solar cell has also been applied in Micro strip antenna called Solan , where the solar cell antenna can be considered as a platform for many communication applications and can also be adopted as a radio frequency transmitter and receiver. As well as the design of many antennas integrated with solar cells and compatible with the 5G communication system , in addition to the presence of many applications that combined smart phones and solar cells. This study showed that these technologies and applications provided clean, safe, high-efficiency, high-speed, data-transferring communication systems with low cost.
The studying of the distribution of wetting patterns in soils having a stratified profile is of great importance due to the presence of this type of profile in abundance in agricultural lands, including greenhouses. Therefore, there was a need to develop a numerical program that predicts the dimensions of the wet area of the subsurface drip irrigation system under different operating conditions for purpose design and manage these systems properly to avoid water losses resulting from evaporation or deep penetration. The present study aims to develop a two-dimension model simulates the wetting pattern in stratified soils using (HYDRUS-2D) software and study the effect of soil hydraulic properties and different operating conditions on the progress of the wetness pattern and the interference pattern between two wetting fronts. Laboratory experiments were carried out for the system of subsurface drip irrigation in stratified soils that consisted of three layers (silty clay loam soil, loamy sand soil, and sand soil) arranged from bottom to up. Three different emitter flow rates 0.5, 1, and 2 l/h were tested, as well as three different initial moisture contents for each soil layer were considered. The interference pattern between two wetting fronts of two emitters with different spacing between emitters 30, 40, and 50 cm was studied. A numerical model was developed to guess the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the wetting zone for the single emitter and the pattern of interference between the two wetting fronts of two emitters. The predicted values obtained from the numerical model were compared with those obtained from laboratory experiments. Statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that the developed numerical model has a good ability to guess the dimensions of the wet pattern of the single and the two emitters and there were good agreements between the predicted and the experiments results and minimum values of RMSE ranged between 0. 5 and 3.6 were achieved.
The aim of current work is to investigate the tensioned composite plates with two types of cutouts. Many industrial applications use composite matrix with reinforcement fiber to obtain better properties. The objective of this work is divided into two parts, first the experimental work covers the measuring of the normal strain (εx) at the edges of (circular & square) holes that are perpendicular to the direction of the applied loads with different number of layers and types of cutouts of composite materials by using strain gages technique under constant tensile loads to compare with the numerical results. The second part is numerical work, which involves studying the static analysis of symmetric square plates with different types of cutout (circular – square). In static analysis, the effect of the following design parameters on the maximum stress (σx), strain (εx) and deflection (Ux) is studied. This part of investigation was achieved by using the software finite element package (ANSYS 5.4).