Earthquakes are one of the most serious natural disasters affecting the stability and the durability of buildings, threatening the life of its occupants. These buildings should be withstanding earthquakes by both architectural and structural engineers. The Integration between structural and envelope system is negatively affected due to; the lack of architectural knowledge in earthquake resistance, and the absence of cooperation between architectural and structural engineers in earthquake resistant design. In this research the lack in the nature of the integrative relationship between the structural and envelope system of earthquake-resistant buildings design is presented. Also, he relationship between these systems, their patterns, and levels in the building to resist earthquakes are highlighted. Where the concept of integration, patterns and levels are verified, using inductive methodology (descriptive, and analytical) through election, analyzing of two different case studies. major result show that the performance pattern is the most common type of three other integration patterns. Also the envelope ,structural system response achieves an equal degree of response as both of them are integrated with each other without revoking one the role of other or affecting the optimal seismic resistance of buildings, and conclusion are presented further.
Utilizing of subsurface water retention technology is a modern technique to retain and save the application water for sustainability of agricultural production through scheduling and management the irrigation processes. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the supplementary irrigation and rainfed water on improvement of economic water productivity for winter wheat. The experiment was conducted in open field, within Joeybeh Township, located in east of the Ramadi City, in Anbar Province, for the growing season 2018-2019. Two plots were used for comparison process, the first plot where membrane trough below the root depth was installed and supplementary irrigation system was conducted beside the rainfed water and according to scheduling the irrigation process as checkbook method. While in second plot, the membrane trough was installed and only rainfed water was depend on. Cultivated date of winter wheat was December, 20th, 2018, and the harvest date was May, 10th, 2019. The obtained result was showed that the crop yield and economic water productivity from the first plot and the second plot were equaled to 0.52 kg/m2 and 0.35 kg/m2, and 930 ID/m3 and 800 ID/m3, respectively. The increasing value of crop yield and economic water productivity in the first plot was more than that in the second plot by 49 % and 16 %, respectively. The benefits of applying supplementary irrigation system with installing the new techniques of retaining the applied water were sufficient in improvement the crop yield and accordingly improved value of the economic water productivity.
In recent years, the elastomer forming technique has found acceptance on the shop floor and is used increasingly as a pressure- transmitting medium for various metal-forming operations. This is due mainly to the introduction of a new range of materials and of new concepts in tooling, which have served to kindle industrial interest in the process. The purpose of this paper is to study the sheet formability with compressible die (natural rubber). The forming was occurred using hemi-spherical punch and rubber die. Experimental tests were used to know the mechanical properties for rubber and sheet materials which were brass and aluminum. After that several forming processes were prepared with a 58 mm diameter steel ball as a punch to form 0.5 thickness brass and aluminum dishes with different diameters (15-40 mm). Force-stroke history was plotted through forming to find the stiffness of formed plate with rubber die and later to compare this parameter for different diameters. Wrinkling and springback were pointed for the formed dishes. It was found that the stiffness of the formed dish increases with diameter until reaching to the diameter at which wrinkling will takes place (about 33 mm for aluminum and 28mm for brass), and then the stiffness will decreases with diameter above this value. It was found that the springback ratio (ratio of final high to the stroke) was increased with diameter until wrinkling takes place, and this ratio is greater for aluminum than that for brass. The results show that it is able to use natural rubber as a die for sheet metal forming with limitation of using small sheet thickness
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is an electric motor works based on the reluctance torque produced due to the variation of the rotor pole position with respect to stator poles. This paper adopts a thermal analysis on a 4-phase, 8/6 pole, 550W, SRM. Lumped parameters thermal network method(LPTN) is used in this analysis based on a combination of RMXprt/Motor-CAD software, in two- dimensional(2D), steady-state, with different cooling methods, and with different loading conditions. Motor losses like core losses, copper losses, and mechanical losses are regarded as the heat sources in SRM which are calculated by RMXprt software. The thermal analysis achieved by Motor-CAD includes displaying the temperature distribution on different motor parts like stator winding, stator poles, stator yoke, rotor poles, rotor yoke, shaft, covers, and housing. The analysis results showed the increasing temperature distribution on different motor parts with increasing motor loading conditions. Also, this temperature distribution is recorded using three different cooling methods. The comprehensive thermal analysis applied in this work will assist the motor designer in choosing a better motor thermal design without needing to produce and test costly prototype motors.
The aim of this paper is to in investigate the performance characteristics of counter flow wet cooling towers experimentally by varying air and water temperatures, fins angle, rate of air flow, rate of water flow as well as the evaporation heat transfer, along the height of the tower. The analysis of the theoretical results revealed before that the thermal performance of the cooling tower is sensitive to the degree of saturation of inlet air. Hence, the cooling capacity of the cooling tower increases with decreasing inlet air temperature whereas the overall water temperature fall is curtailed with increasing water to air mass ratio. From the experimental study the efficiency of the cooling tower and cooling tower characteristics are higher in case of low mass flow ratio due to higher contact area of water to air. Because of better contact area between airs to water the drop in performance of the cooling tower is less. The effect of fins angle on the thermal performance of counter flow wet cooling tower was predicted. The experimental study showed that the cooling range, cooling coefficient, , heat load , change in air relative humidity and cooling tower effectiveness increased with increasing fins angles and optimum fins angle obtained from this experimental work was 70 degree, at this angle all cooling tower performance has been calculated were better. While the approach increased with decreasing fins angles, the minimum approach was obtained for 70 degree fins angles and the maximum approach was obtained for 30 degree fins angles.
The performance of electronic devices, especially computers, depends on the efficiency of the electronic chips and Computer processing units, which are mainly made of semiconductors, so their working efficiency is inversely proportional to their working temperature. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the design, implementation, and testing of three cooling systems to maintain the temperature of the processing unit as minimum as possible. The first is a traditional system dissipates heat from the working fluid to the air through a finned tube heat exchanger. The second successive hybrid system was designed to integrate with the first one in addition to a thermoelectric cooling system to cool the working fluid. The third system included in addition to the traditional heat dissipation one, an intercooler cylinder with a large quantity of the working fluid in the main system beside a separate system for cooling the working fluid using thermoelectric cooling to ensure sufficient cooling of the processing units when working at high frequencies by providing a large capacity of working fluid pre-cooled to a low temperature. Comparing the experimental results of the cooling systems with the traditional one under the same test conditions showed that the second system led to a reduction in the temperature of the processing unit by 5.2%, while employing the third system reduced the temperature to 11.3%., When the thermoelectric cooling unit operates at a performance factor of about 1.76.
Natural convection heat transfer in two-dimensional region formed by constant heat flux horizontal flat tube concentrically located in cooled horizontal cylinder studied numerically. The model solved using the FLUENT CFD package. The numerical simulations covered a range of hydraulic radius ratio (5, 7.5, and 10) at orientation angles from (0o up to 90o). The results showed that the average Nusselt number increases with hydraulic radius ratio, orientation angles and Rayleigh number. As well as enhancement ratio for Nusselt number at orientation angle 90o and hydraulic radius ratio 7.5 equal 24.87%. Both the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for different cases are illustrated velocity vectors and temperature contours that obtained from the CFD code. The results for the average Nusselt numbers are compared with previous works and show good agreement.
The term "fire safety engineering" refers to the process of applying scientific and engineering principles to the effects of fire in order to lessen the number of deaths and property damage caused by fire. This is done by determining the risks that are involved and providing the most effective method for implementing measures of prevention or protection. The paper showing experimental results of ordinary concrete columns made of "NSC" subjected to axial load and cyclic firing is presented in this study. the bearing capacity of the column decreased. all samples have been loading an eccentric load with "e = 75 mm" ,"e / h = 0.50," and the ratio Celsius (30%Pu) continuously through the burning period. The first column(C1) was the sample control with out exposure cyclic fire , and the second column was subjected to four burning cycles over the course of four days, with a duration specific of "45 minutes" for each cycle, at a temperature of "400 °C", and the third column was subjected to four burning cycles over the course of four days, with a duration longer amount of "75 minutes" for each cycle, at a temperature of "400 °C, ", the four column was subjected to four burning cycles over the course of an of four days, with a duration specific of "45 minutes" for each cycle, at a temperature of "600 °C " , the bearing capacity of the column decreased. that to be amount losses (C2,C3 and C4) comparison to (C1) equile ( 27.20 , 29.12, and 36.40)% respectively. the fracture load of the experimental columns varied by decreasing with these variables. Additionally, the depth and spread of the cracks increased with the increase in burning duration and target temperature.
The thermal and acoustic isolation properties of unsaturated polyester composites reinforced by palm waste filler have been experimentally investigated. The composites have been prepared using hand lay-up technique with filler weight fraction of (0%, 3%, 5% and 7%). Three types of palm waste that (Date seed, old leaf bases and petiole) were ground and sieved separately to produce the filler with particle size ≤ 400µm. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity were examined using Hot Disk thermal analyses. The acoustic isolation property examined in a sound-insulated box. The experimental results show that the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the composite specimens reinforced by seed or old leaf bases filler increased with increasing the fillers weight fraction. While increasing the petiole filler decreased the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity by 19% and 40% respectively at 5% weight fraction as compared with a pure unsaturated polyester material. So, the composite reinforced with petiole filler has improved the thermal insulation properties. The composites samples reinforced with palm waste show higher sound absorption in compared to the pure unsaturated polyester material. The sound absorption properties of composite reinforced with 7% old leaf bases filler improved by 15% and 23% at low and high frequency respectively rather than of pure unsaturated polyester material.
Advanced prosthetics are a crucial aspect of rehabilitation technology and are receiving increased attention globally. Approximately 2 million people require prosthetic limbs, presenting opportunities for enhancing their quality of life. State-of-the-art technologies such as realistic arms and myoelectric prostheses are gaining popularity. Progress in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and materials has driven the field forward. Various types of controllers, including direct, pattern recognition, and proportional-derivative, have been developed. Integration of material science, computer science, artificial intelligence, and neurology has facilitated controller advancements. Techniques like targeted muscle reinnervation and Osseo integrated prostheses offer improved surgical options. Gesture recognition technologies and intelligent sensors are enhancing hand control. Future advancements will involve machine learning, artificial intelligence, and sensing techniques, while ethical concerns must be addressed. Advanced myoelectric prostheses, also known as myocontrolled or lower-limb micromod investigative prostheses, have a patient acceptance rate of 75% to 80%. However, while these methods offer advantages, there are also drawbacks. Integrating different types of controllers for these smart prostheses and enhancing the overall device's strength and robustness will have a significant impact. This discussion focuses on various types of smart prosthetic controllers, dividing muscle activity into extracellular myoelectric potential and EEG signals
The present research is devoted to solve the problem of high energy consumption by air conditioners in summer. In order to eliminate domestic electricity for cooling purposes and rely directly on solar energy isolated from the grid connection and increases the performance of the solar panel by using front water spray cooling system for the panel, and by using Adruino as controller to control the cooling system. The experimental system setup arranged in Iraq at Al-taje site during the summer season at a room. The proposed system consists of an array of photovoltaic, battery used to store power, PWM charge controller, and DC air cooler, Adruino. During the examination of the system, The enhancement of the solar panel has a positive effect on long-term batteries and improves the battery life by which the charge and discharge when combined with a direct photovoltaic air conditioning system without refrigeration. Excess power generated from the PV panels is storage in the batteries, which make the system is the most familiar with Iraq's summer conditions
In this work the effect of degassing on hardness and microstructure of aluminum recycled cans using aluminum beverage cans scrap from different locations in Baghdad wastes had been studied. Aluminum cans were shredded and ground into small pieces. It was processed through a gas fired to eliminate the coated layer (paint or lacquer on the metal). Generally the scrap is divided into two groups before charging to the furnace, one without adding degassing and the other degased with (Ar-N2). When temperature exceed 690C° molten aluminum was pour into two molds, after cooling. The two ingots were expose to porosity test, hardness, and microstructure. It was found from recycled cans ingot behave like short freezing range alloys. The main form of shrinkage porosity is localized external sink, appeared at the heat centers or at last region to be solidify. This had been verified clearly by microstructure of many regions of the ingot without adding a degasser. Either defect or decrease in hardness was clearly seen in the ingot without degassing addition. In addition to oxides, a number of additional compounds could be considered inclusions (intermetallic phase particles) in cast structures. Where the main conclusion was to remove gases without using a degassing to ingot decadence on the first gas fire on the cans to remove all paint or lacquer on the metal, but this was not sufficient and properly we need to add degassing to ingots. Finally this was clearly shown from the results of the ingot with adding a degassing had 89 kg/mm2 HV rather than 61 kg/mm2 for ingot without degassing
In satellite communications with frequencies above 10GHz the major problems in radio-wave propagation is signal level attenuation caused by tropospheric scintillation, together with signal level attenuation by rain. There are several methods to measure the magnitude of scintillation. The equations of most of these methods do not include meteorological element. In meantime we can not measure the magnitude of scintillation with elevation angle 5¢ھ-10¢ھ. A prediction method is suggested to measure tropospheric scintillation on earth-space path. It would apply this method to standard atmosphere and we studied the effect of meteorological conditions, frequency, antenna diameter and elevation angle on the magnitude of scintillation.
Hilla cities center of province Babil is one of the most important cities in Iraq 100 km (62 mi) south of Baghdad .its relate the Governorate Baghdad with Governorates south Al-Thawra signalized intersection is one of the most important intersections in AL-Hilla city Being a major crossing point to the governorates of holy Karbala and Baghdad.The excessive traffic volumes, during the peak periods (at morning and evening), of vehicles that entering the intersection increase traffic density, reduce travel speed, increase travel time, and increase the delay values This paper aims to assess the traffic performance of Al-thawra signalized intersection in Babil city that is consistent with the existing conditions and intersection's geometric properties. For all approaches, video recording has been used to collect traffic volume data. These data are taken out of videos from Babil police cameras (department of communications and information systems)..The intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SYNCHRO 10.0 software, and the best option was selected. The outcome of the evaluation process indicated that the intersection is operated at the level of service (LOS F) and with a control delay of 162.5 seconds.by recommending a variety of strategies, ranging from signal optimization to geometric enhancements. The suggestion of widening the pavement in the north-south direction was found to be the best solution. resulting in a decrease in vehicle delays from 162.2 seconds to 95.4 seconds and the level of service remains constant (LOS F) considered an acceptable and cost-effective solution to the intersection's problems.
Reducing energy consumption and to ensure thermal comfort are two important considerations in designing an air conditioning system. The control strategy proposed is fuzzy logic controller (FLC).This paper describes the development of an algorithm for air condition control system based on fuzzy logic (FL) to provide the conditions necessary for comfort living inside a building.Simulation of the controlling air conditioning system, on which the strategy is adopted, was carried out based on MATLAB This system consists of two sensors for feedback control: one to monitor temperature and another one to monitor humidity. The controller i.e. FLC was developed to control the compressor motor speed and fan speed in order to maintain the room temperature at or close to the setpoint temperature.
The direct sequence (DS) spread spectrum communication technique is widely regarded as one of the most effective methods of mitigating the effects of a repeating jammer in military communications systems. The proposed system coupled DS with multiple frequency shift keying (DS/MFSK). It is comprised of a transmitter and a receiver. Non-coherent demodulation is examined, as are the spreading sequences in question. The effect of AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels on the proposed approach's bit error rate (BER) is examined. The investigation demonstrates that even with an 8 dB signal-to-noise ratio, superior outcomes can be achieved; this study's suggested endeavor is to create a novel transceiver system built on the DS/MFSK modular architecture. MFSK modulation prevents multiple-access interference, while DS is typically employed to boost system efficiency across erratic fading. Test results show that reliability on the AWGN channel decreases a little while reliability is greatly enhanced by Rayleigh fading. Moreover, notable improvements in bandwidth efficiency are achieved.
Laminar natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow due to the heating from below at variable heat source length inside two dimensional enclosure has been analyzed numerically in this study. The enclosure has filled with air as a working fluid. The vertical inclined walls of the enclosure are maintained at lower temperature while the remaining walls are insulated. The value of Rayleigh number from (1x103 ≤ Ra ≤ 4x104), the inclination angle at (γ = 0o, 22.5o , 45o ) and dimensionless heat source length at ( S = 1 and 0.5 ). The continuity, momentum and energy equations have been applied to the enclosure and solved by using finite difference method. The results showing that the average Nusselt number increases with the increasing of the heating source length and decreases with the increasing in an inclination angle of the vertical walls.
The aim of this article is to investigate the properties for joints of welded martensitic stainless steel (MSS) by ER 309 L filler wire, using tungsten arc welding (Tig). The regions of the base and welded materials were investigated by means of SEM, EDS, OP and HV were conducted to calculate the properties of the welded specimens. The influence of heat and cryogenic treatments also investigated, The best results from microstructure side occurrence epitaxial grains growth which was observed along the interface of weld-metal region, the maximum hardness was (414 HV) in conventional heat treated samples that tempered at 200°C, precipitation of small carbides were observed that this is responsible for the improvement in the mechanical properties of the material. Hardness at the HAZ region in state of DCT in all weldments was reduced as compared to hardness of HAZ region of CHT. The microhardness was at the highest value in the fusion zone
Severe three phase trips are simulated on four arbitrary locations of an uncontrolled power system transmission lines. The responses of three measurable state variables of the system (rotor speed, stator direct axis current, and stator quadrature - axis current) are recorded, and suitable ANNs are trained to detect and locate the positions of the corresponding trips. The paper proves that this method is quick, active and accurate to diagnose and find the locations of that kind of trips.
Photovoltaic cells are one of the renewable energy sources that have been employed to produce electrical energy from solar radiation falling on them, but not all incident radiate will produce electrical energy, part of those radiate cause the panel temperature to rise, reducing its efficiency and its operational life, unless an attempt is made to employ one of the traditional cooling methods or innovating other methods to cooling it to reduce this effect, which it represented in the active and passive cooling method. In fact, it is difficult to compare the active method with the passive method, as each method has its Advantages and disadvantages that may suit one region without another. But in general, there are basic factors through which at least a comparison between the two methods can be made. Relatively the passive method is less expensive, in addition to no need for additional parts such as pumps and controllers, there is no energy consumption because it does not require power. But it is less effective and efficient than the active method, while the active method has the ability to disperse the heat higher than the passive method. However, it necessitates the use of electricity and is frequently costlier than the passive strategy. In this review, the most common active and passive cases were reviewed, and the pros and cons of each case are summarized in discussion due to the difficulty to list them. The review recommends that future studies should focus on active water cooling and heat-sink, both of which are viable cooling strategies.
The object of this paper was determined the thermal behavior of present and future constructs Iraqi walls at Baghdad climate region (Latitude 33.2 °N) with or without (40) mm insulating materials. The study was carried out at day (21) July for East Orientation. The obtained results were tabulated in terms of over all heat transfer coefficient, weight of the wall per unit area, wall thickness, temperature difference between outside and inside wall face and the temperature difference between inside of the room and it's inside wall surface through on. day hours and it's average values.
The universal motor, versatile and capable of running on both AC and DC sources, is utilized in various household appliances and power tools. This paper presents a featured methodology for analyzing a universal motor (UM) that does not have design data by extracting it via reverse engineering. These gained data were used to model the motor by Maxwell program and analyzing it by finite element method (FEM). Adopting the Maxwell program's drawing capability to design the square-shaped stator of a universal motor not part of the program library will also enable the Maxwell program to be widely used and unrestricted to use with particular motor designs. After modeling and solving the motor model, the performance characteristics of UM when operated with alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power supplies were investigated. The UM simulation results were compared with test results with good agreement. The success of a proposed methodology paved the way for the analysis of any electric motor included in the Maxwell program, even if this motor does not have design data.
This study focuses on improving the thermal comfort in Mosques in Iraq. Omar bin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Baghdad is taken as a case study. In general, the weather in Baghdad is hot- dry climate during the summer. the study was conducted at the time of noon prayer on Friday where the maximum number of people can be obtained inside the Mosque about 500 worshipers and severe environmental conditions. Numerical methods (CFD) are used for the simulation utilizing the package of ANSYS (FLUENT V. 18). As the results depending on the number of elements, 4 millions elements are used for dividing the physical domain. Thermal comfort was assessed by finding the values of the predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), and ASHRAE standard-55. The adaptive redistribution of the air conditioning device strategy at five cases is used to obtain the best thermal comfort. Moreover, changing the angle of air intake of space by changing the angle inclination of the access blade at three different angles of 0o, 7.5o and 15o degree, and studying its effect on the thermal comfort in breathing level. The four case is the best in terms of thermal comfort when the angle of intake air at 0o.when the PMV was 0.35 and PPD is 7.5, which is lower than the original state. The improving percentage of PPD is 10 % and PMV 14 %.
In this paper, a proposed model based on phase matrix rotation was suggested to improve the performance of Multicarrier-Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) lies in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm under the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channel. This model is used to reduce the effect of multipath fading. The results extracted by a computer simulation for a single user, then it compared with the original technique for MC-CDMA based on FFT for both systems. As a result, it can be seen from the proposed technique that a high performance improvement was obtained over the conventional MC-CDMA, where the Bit Error Rate (BER) is widely reduced under different channel characteristics for frequency selective fading and the AWGN channel
Approximately one-quarter of all automobile collisions in the United States are thought to be caused by a distracted or inattentive driver. As more wireless communication, entertainment, and driver assistance technologies become available in vehicles, the number of distracted driving accidents is projected to rise. Driver distraction is a major concern in North America, Europe, and Japan when it comes to road safety. The importance of driver distraction as a road safety concern, on the other hand, has just lately been recognized. This study presents an overview of current studies on in-vehicle driver distraction, with an emphasis on mobile phone usage, as this technol-ogy has garnered the most attention in the literature on driver distraction. The impact of in-vehicle gadgets on driving performance is discussed in this review. The adaptive techniques driv-ers use to maintain acceptable driving performance when distracted are discussed, as well as the situations under which these adaptive tactics can fail and how driving performance is harmed when they do. Legislation prohibiting drivers from using their cellphones while driving has had minimal effect, presumably due to a lack of regulation and enforcement. As potential preventive measures to decrease accidents caused by distracted drivers, behavior modification programs, enhanced vehicle safety, and public awareness campaigns have been created.
One way of obtaining information about reliability of units is to accelerate their life by testing at higher levels of stress (such as increasing elevated temperatures or voltages). Predicting the lifetime of a unit at normal operating conditions based on data collected at accelerated conditions is a common objective of these tests. Different models of accelerated life testing are used for such extrapolations. Two statistical based models are widely used: parametric models which require a prior specified lifetime distribution, and nonparametric models that relax of the assumption of the life time distribution. The proportional odds model is a nonparametric model in accelerated life testing based on the odds function and show that it gives a more accurate reliability estimates than proportional hazard model. This paper will concentrate on the models of proportional odds nonparametric accelerated life test for reliability prediction.
Since FGM orthotropic structures have such striking qualities as high strength, exceptional stiffness, stiffness-to-weight ratio, reduced cost, and high strength-to-weight ratio, they are employed extensively in the mechanical, aerospace, and civil engineering sectors. Thick plates and shells have more noticeable shear deformation effects. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the vibration and buckling investigation of FGMs orthotropic plates and shells. Moreover, researchers have developed a variety of approaches and procedures for the examination of orthotropic FGM plates and shells. The majority of the literature review in this publication is focused on orthotropic FGMs plate and shell buckling and linear and nonlinear free vibration. In engineering practices, it is customary to use material-oriented or orthotropic materials in several domains to optimize the structures and maximize material properties, which is especially crucial for FG constructions. Solutions for the orthotropic FGM structure are studied analytically and numerically with different plate and shell theories.
In this study, a numerical investigation on the thermo-hydraulic performance of thedouble pipe heat exchanger into heat transfer by different shapes of fins on the outersurface for the inner tube as extended surfaces. The inner and outer diameters of theinner pipe were (16.05 mm), (19.05 mm) respectively, and (34.1 mm), (38.1 mm) for theouter tube. The length of the heat exchanger was (1000 mm). Hot and cold water wereused as the working fluid, where the hot water flows inside of the inner one in counterflow with the cold water which flows in the annulus. The inlet temperature for the hotwater is (75 OC) while it is (30 OC) for the cold. The hot fluid flows at constant ratewhich is (0.1kg/s) while the cold is varied from (0.1 kg/s to 0.2 kg/s).The study wasperform using the known commercial CFD package (ANSYS – FLUNET 15) .Theresults shows that both (rectangular and triangular) fins enhances the heat transfercoefficient compare with the conventional plain tube .The rectangular fins presents anheat transfer enhancement ratio of (61% to 74%). Using of extended surfaces present agood result in saving energy by enhancing the performance of the double pipe heatexchangers used in petroleum industry.
The detection of faults in electronic circuits is crucial to ensure the proper performance and reliability of electronic applications that utilize these devices. This work discovers, for the first time, that a direct tester board for fault diagnosis can be used not only for the intended measurement of current and voltage but also for studying the potential development of these magnitudes in inaccessible locations, as it detects register transfer level signals through oscilloscopes with low acquisition speeds. The experimental analysis carried out combines the use of commercial software with spatial distribution tracking and the exploitation of the sizes of network links in their computer graphical representation. The proper detection of malfunctions in electronic systems is crucial for enhancing their performance and reliability. We intend to explore the troubleshooting of analog electronic systems, for which we use wide-band direct tester boards. To evaluate its performance in routine practice, we perform experimentation using two different analog circuits designed. They consist of conventional operational amplifiers and element modeling based on equivalent resistance-capacitance networks. Given the procedure followed, commercial programs were used. Special mention should be made of the conclusion matrix, which is interesting when selecting suitable diagnostic parameters. The effectiveness of direct measurement based on integrated probes in the two projects, which allowed for fault insertion, was also confirmed. The results and discussions were enriched by the summarized experimental test report. The work concludes with a reflection on the relationship between this work and the existing state of the art, as well as the new challenges posed by international researchers.
New composite reinforced concrete beams, in which reinforced concrete component is connected to steel T-section, are proposed. The shear connection between the two components, the reinforced concrete and the T-section, is provided by the stirrups that are required for the reinforced concrete component to resist the applied shear. Experimental tests in addition to numerical analysis were conducted to determine the behaviour and strength of such beams under pure torsion. Full scale one conventional reinforced concrete beam, T1, and two composite reinforced concrete ones, T2 and T3, were tested. The degree of shear connection between the two components of beams T2 and T3 was changed by varying the number of stirrups which are used as shear connectors. The experimental results revealed approximately same torsional stiffness for the three beams at the uncracked concrete stage. The torsional strength of the composite reinforced concrete beams was greater than that of ordinary reinforced concrete one by 11% and 27% for beams T2 and T3, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted using program ABAQUS. To model the shear connection in composite reinforced concrete beam, the stirrups were connected to the web of the steel T-section by springs at the location of the stirrups. Good agreement is obtained between the results of the experimental tests and the finite element analysis. The ratios of experimental results to those of finite element analysis for torsional strength are approximately one. Under the pure torsion loading the degree of shear connection is found to have no effect on torsional capacity of beams.
Modeling and simulation are indispensable when dealing with complex engineering systems. It makes it possible to do essential assessment before systems are built, Cantilever, which help alleviate the need for expensive experiments and it can provide support in all stages of a project from conceptual design, through commissioning and operation. This study deals with intelligent techniques modeling method for nonlinear response of uniformly loaded paddle. Two Intelligent techniques had been used (Redial Base Function Neural Network and Support Vector Machine). Firstly, the stress distributions and the vertical displacements of the designed cantilevers were simulated using (ANSYS v12.1) a nonlinear finite element program, incremental stages of the nonlinear finite element analysis were generated by using 25 schemes of built paddle Cantilevers with different thickness and uniform distributed loads. The Paddle Cantilever model has 2 NN; NN1 has 5 input nodes representing the uniform distributed load and paddle size, length, width and thickness, 8 nodes at hidden layer and one output node representing the maximum deflection response and NN2 has inputs nodes representing maximum deflection and paddle size, length, width and thickness and one output representing sensitivity (∆R/R). The result shows that of the nonlinear response based upon SVM modeling better than RBFNN on basis of time, accuracy and robustness, particularly when both has same input and output data.
Cosmetic surgery is more prevalent in the world in recent years. A beautiful and flawless face is everyone's dream. Aging, environmental factors, disease, or poor diet are among the factors that influence body wrinkles. Various methods are used to reduce these lines. It can be said that the simplest and most effective solution is to inject cosmetic fluids into these areas. But, due to the increase in facial injections using cosmetic fluids, which are considered toxins, the risk of injury to the surrounding facial nerves and injury to one of the main facial nerves is increasing, creating a catastrophe or deformation in the face irreversibly. Deep learning algorithms have been used to determine whether cosmetic fluids are injected or not. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), VGG16, ResNet....etc deep learning algorithms have demonstrated excellent performance in terms of object detection, picture classification, and semantic segmentation. all the suggested approach consists of three stages: feature extraction, training, and testing/validation. Deep learning technology is used to train and test the system with before and after photographs. Numerous investigations have been carried out using various deep learning algorithms and databases the main goal is to attain maximum accuracy to ensure that injected cosmetic fluids by specialists have been injected in safe areas in addition to facial recognition and determining whether or not the person received an injection. The most used databases are IIITD plastic surgery and HDA_Plastic surgery.
The main purpose of this search is to study the punching shear behavior of fourteen specimens of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) two-way flat plate slabs, half of these slabs have been exposed to a high temperature up to 400 C° by using an electric oven. All slabs have dimensions of (400x400x60) mm, with steel reinforcement mesh of (Ø6mm) diameter. Laboratory tests show that there is an increase in the value of First Crack Loading (FCL) and Ultimate Load (UL) by (208, and 216.67) % and a decrease in deflection by (56.85) % due using slab with complete reactive powder relative to a slap made of normal concrete. The use of the (RPC)mixture in layers in slabs gave results close to the slab which consists of full (RPC) this gives the benefit of more than the use of a slab that contains full reactive powder concrete in terms of cost, the increase was in FCL and UL by (130.8, 169.23, 102.7 and 135.135) % and a decrease in the value of deflection by (37.17, 47.64) %. The use of a partial reactive powder mixture also showed good results, and by increasing the dimensions of the RPC area, the results were better. the increase in FCL and UL by (54, 116, and 185) % and (53, 116.67, and 166.67) % and a decrease in value of deflection by (36.12, 42.4, and 50.26) % from reference slab. When slabs are subjected to high temperatures, there may be a decrease in the value of the FCL and UL and an increase in the value of deflection when compared to models not exposed to high temperature. But when compared to the reference slab with the same circumstance showed an increase in the value of the FCL and the rate ranged between (50- 200) % and the UL was the ratio ranged between (51.35-208.1) % and a decrease in the value of the deflection where the ratio ranged (21-46) %
The convergence of cloud and edge computing in smart manufacturing offers significant potential for improving efficiency in Industry 4.0. However, task scheduling in this context remains a complex, multi-objective challenge. This study introduces a novel Cloud-Edge Smart Manufacturing Architecture (CESMA), leveraging a hybrid approach that integrates NSGA-II and the Improved Monarch Butterfly Optimization (IMBO) algorithms. The combination utilizes NSGA-II's global search and non-dominated solution capabilities with IMBO's fine-tuning and local optimization strengths to enhance task scheduling performance. Where CESMA combines the scalability and analytics power of cloud computing with edge-based real-time decision-making to address the dynamic demands of smart manufacturing. Through extensive simulations and experiments, the feasibility and effectiveness of CESMA are validated, showing improved task scheduling quality, resource utilization, and adaptability to changing conditions. This research establishes a robust platform for managing the complexities of task scheduling in cloud-edge environments, advancing intelligent manufacturing processes, and contributing to the integration of evolutionary algorithms for real-time industrial decision-making