A steam boiler is a metal vessel in which a particular liquid is heated to steam. Steam is used in the production of energy in several areas as most boilers convert water to steam used in heating buildings and others. Steam boilers are exposed to corrosion and sediment as a result of salts dissolved in water, which may lead to increased temperature inside the boiler and thus the boiler explosion. The research included finding a suitable way to solve the problem of sedi-ment and corrosion by adding suitable chemicals to get rid of the dissolved salts inside the water and maintain steam boiler. To control this problem, the control system is designed to control the amount of salts in the water in the steam boiler using PLC.
Designing an integrated communications system with efficient features is important to researchers and designers. This paper deals with a review of the most important technologies and applications that combine solar cells and communication systems such as Li-Fi technology and its principle of operation, which is a wireless system in which the optical signal is used as a carrier signal as an alternative to the traditional radio frequencies used in Wi-Fi networks, where Li-Fi relies on LED to transmit data, and at high speeds that exceed Wi-Fi technology. Solar Power Satellite (SPS) technology where the satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit in the equatorial plane. As well as the application of photovoltaic solar cells in the SOLPLANT planar antenna, and the replacement of the radiating element of the antenna with a solar cell. The solar cell can transmit and receive electromagnetic signals as well as generate direct current and can be used as antennas either as a single solar cell or group cells and has wide applications in wireless, mobile, Bluetooth and satellite systems. The solar cell has also been applied in Micro strip antenna called Solan , where the solar cell antenna can be considered as a platform for many communication applications and can also be adopted as a radio frequency transmitter and receiver. As well as the design of many antennas integrated with solar cells and compatible with the 5G communication system , in addition to the presence of many applications that combined smart phones and solar cells. This study showed that these technologies and applications provided clean, safe, high-efficiency, high-speed, data-transferring communication systems with low cost.
Flow of crude oil in pipelines suffers from a problem of fluid flow pressure drop and high energy consumption for fluid pumping. Flow can be enhanced using either viscosity reduction or drag reduction techniques. Drag reduction (DR) is considered as a most effective and most applicable method. The technique contributes in reducing the frictional energy losses during the flow by addition of little amounts from drag reducing agents. The present work focuses on preparation and application of a new natural and low cost material derived from palm fiber (PF) that has been tested as a drag reducing agent (DRA) for crude oil flow enhancement. This objective has been achieved through designing and constructing of an experimental rig consisting of: a crude oil pipe, oil pump, pressure sensors, solenoid valve and programmable logic control. The additive material (PF) is prepared with different diameters (75µm, 125µm, 140µm) and tested with different concentrations as: 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/L for reducing the drag inside the oil pipe. The experimental results showed that the fiber with 125µm diameter and 100ppm is the best where the percentage of drag reduction reached 43%. Furthermore, the results of this work proved that PF is an efficient and low cost DRA that can be applied successfully in crude oil pipelines as well as its contribution in the waste management.