In this study, the water evaluation and planning WEAP model was used to improve the Fallujah irrigation project with 63,000 hectares and an annual budget get 1,476 million m3/ yiod (2020-2021). The results showed the total Water used was 1,272 million m3/year and equaled 86% of Fallujah irrigation budget. The annual production was 524.4 million Kg/year for Fallujah irrigation, and total economic returns were 393.6 million $/year. The study outlined two scenarios for enhancing the irrigation system. The first scenario entailed implementing a sprinkler irrigation system for wheat and barley across all projects. This resulted in a production increase from 524.4 to 625.7 million kilograms per year and a corresponding rise in economic returns from 393.6 to 427.2 million annually. In the second scenario, a sprinkler system was adopted for wheat and barley and a trickle system for other crops. This approach led to production growth from 524.4 to 1164.9 million kilograms per year and a surge in economic returns from 393.6 to 559.4 million annually.
minimizing the surface area of a reservoir during maximum evaporation losses period. A mathe-matical relationship linking the depth of water with the surface area of the reservoir has been formulated, and its integration can be used to estimate conservable water quantities. Reducing the water level in the reservoir to the minimum permissible level before the dry months has re-duced the evaporation losses by 65% and 51% for the two scenarios. These two scenarios have been conducted by assuming that the dry months start with the presence of the water level in the reservoir at a height of 14 and 12 m, respectively. On the other hand, evaporation losses during drought months have been decreased by 24%. By this technique, it can be possible to obtain wide areas suitable for agriculture, contributing to the economic and social development of the region. Also, Depth index(DI) suggested in this study and defined as the ratio of volume of the water in the reservoir to corresponding surface area, to compare the location of the best dam among the 13 proposed dams in Wadi Houran by reducing evaporation losses. The results of this index showed the best location was at DI=10.901 in DM 7, and the worst is at DI=2.425 in DM 8.
Management of water resources become one of the most important subjects in the human's life. The water sustains life on earth, therefore; more care for water management is necessary. In the last years, studies show water use will be more in the world as result of rapid increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization etc. The evaporation losses from dam's reservoirs and lagoon form very huge losses in water resources. The annual evaporation depth losses in Iraqi Western Desert is about (2.25 -3) meter, this depth store the highest percentage of the small dams. Sub-surface storage reduces evaporation losses and maintains water quality by minimizing salt concentration. In present study, three tanks are used to simulate the subsurface reservoirs to study the effectiveness of underground storage on reducing the evaporation loss. Each tank have squares cross section tanks of (80) cm length and (40) cm depth and filled up to (34) cm with different graded soil (labeled as A, B with coarse soil, and D with fine soil) to simulate the storage below the ground. While the forth tank filled with water (labeled as C) to represent the reservoir of direct evaporation for comparison study. The present study considers three parameters that can controlled the evaporation from subsurface reservoirs: (a) temperature variation, (b) water table variation, and (c) material properties such as porosity. The field study continues for four months, it was started at Jun.11, 2016 and ended at Dec. 15, 2016 in the Erbil city at north of Iraq. The results showed evaporation losses are reduced by using subsurface storage reservoir with gravel in comparison with free surface evaporation. The evaporation losses are reduced about 46 % , 39% , 64% when the water table below gravel surface range from 5 to 10 cm , while at 20 cm depth of the water table the evaporation reduction is about (85 % to 86% 95%) from A, B and D tanks with porosity 0.65 ,0.67 and o.35 for A ,B and D tanks, respectively..